N=note-takin o Phase Two:I= Rem+Read+P In this Phase Two of Consecutive Interpreting, interpreters retrieve messages from their short-term memory and reconstruct the speech(Rem) read the notes(N), and produce the Target Language Speech(P) 1.2 Short-Term Long-Term Memory Short-Term Memory (stm) The idea of short-term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall The duration of STM is very short. It is up 6 to 30 seconds. Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time. Once the interpreting assign ment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers Long-Term Memory (Ltm) Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later. Long-term memory is a learn ing process. And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge because information stored in LtM may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life 1.3. Basic characteristics of STM (From Zhong Weihe) Input of information: It is generally held that information enters the stm as a result of applying attention to the stimulus Capacity: the capacity of STM is limited and small, with a capac ity of about 7 plus or minus 2 information units Modality: To store information in STM, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates. There are three main possibilities in STM:(1) Acoustic (Phonemic)coding is rehearsing through sub-vo cal sounds ( Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley: 1966).(2)Visual coding is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds. This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words. In very rare cases some people may have a"photographic memory, " but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this(Posner and Keele: 1967).(3) Semantic coding is applying11 N=note-taking. ⚫ Phase Two: I= Rem+Read+P In this Phase Two of Consecutive Interpreting, interpreters retrieve messages from their short-term memory and reconstruct the speech (Rem), read the notes (N), and produce the Target Language Speech (P). 1.2 Short-Term & Long-Term Memory ⚫ Short-Term Memory (STM) The idea of short-term memory simply means that you are retaining information for a short period of time without creating the neural mechanisms for later recall. The duration of STM is very short. It is up 6 to 30 seconds. Memory in interpreting only lasts for a short time. Once the interpreting assignment is over, the interpreter moves on to another one, often with different context, subject and speakers. ⚫ Long-Term Memory (LTM) Long-Term Memory occurs when you have created neural pathways for storing ideas and information which can then be recalled weeks, months, or even years later. To create these pathways, you must make a deliberate attempt to encode the information in the way you intend to recall it later. Long-term memory is a learning process. And it is essentially an important part of the interpreter's acquisition of knowledge, because information stored in LTM may last for minutes to weeks, months, or even an entire life. 1.3． Basic characteristics of STM (From Zhong Weihe) Input of information: It is generally held that information enters the STM as a result of applying attention to the stimulus. Capacity: the capacity of S TM is limited and small, w ith a capacity of about 7 plus or minus 2 information units. Modality: To store information in STM, it must be encoded, and there is a variety of possibilities as to how this operates. There are three main possibilities in STM: (1) Acoustic (Phonemic) coding is rehearsing through sub-vocal sounds (Conrad, 1964 and Baddeley:1966). (2) Visual cod ing is, as implied, storing information as pictures rather than sounds. This applies especially to nonverbal items, particularly if they are difficult to describe using words. In very rare cases some people may have a "photographic memory," but for the vast majority, the visual code is much less effective than this (Posner and Keele: 1967). (3) Seman tic cod ing is applying