Thus participants are relatively stable through time, and an instance of anticipant can take part in many processes Change is thus construed as involving both transience and performance, and the phenomena of experience are construed either as transient process or as permanent participants The border between these two is indeterminate, the lexicogrammar of every language will allow considerable discretion in how phenomena are treated in discourse, and lexicogrammar of different languages draw the borderline in different The concepts of process, participant and circumstance are semantic categories which explain in the most general way how phenomena of our experience of the world are construed as linguistic structures When we come to interpret the grammar of the clause, we shall need to recognize participant and circumstance functions which are more specific 5.2 Material clauses: processes of doing-and-happening 5.2. 1 Introductory examples Here is a short example of concrete material clauses serv ing to construct (1)Each year, rep lace the fruiting rod by tying down a lateral in its place. Either tie down 1 shoot and cut it off where it meets the next wine. or tie down 2. one each way, and cut them where they meet the neighboring lateral. This is called the Double Guyot. (Mary Spiller, Growing fruity, 1982, Penguin Books) 5. 2. 2 Transitive and intransitive material clauses (1)The lion sprang (2) The lion caught the tourist (3) The tourist was caught by the lion 5.2.3 Types of doing-and-happening(see Fig. 5-9 Material clause systems on p.83) Table 5-4 Type of doing: creative /transformative(p 184) intransitive transitive actor happen hat happened? -Icicles What did they do?-They built a house transformative happen to Actor; Actor+ do happen to+ Goal; Actor do to+ goal What happened to the icicles? What happened to icicles? They melted The sun melted them What did Henry do? -He ran What did they do to Henry? -They Table 5-5 Examples of verbs serving as Process in different material clause types (pp.187-189)4 Thus participants are relatively stable through time, and an instance of a participant can take part in many processes. Change is thus construed as involving both transience and performance, and the phenomena of experience are construed either as transient process or as permanent participants. The border between these two is indeterminate; the lexicogrammar of every language will allow considerable discretion in how phenomena are treated in discourse, and lexicogrammar of different languages draw the borderline in different places. The concepts of process, participant and circumstance are semantic categories which explain in the most general way how phenomena of our experience of the world are construed as linguistic structures. When we come to interpret the grammar of the clause, we shall need to recognize participant and circumstance functions which are more specific. 5.2 Material clauses: processes of doing-and-happening 5.2.1 Introductory examples Here is a short example of concrete material clauses serving to construct procedure: (1) Each year, replace the fruiting rod by tying down a lateral in its place. Either tie down 1 shoot and cut it off where it meets the next wine, or tie down 2, one each way, and cut them where they meet the neighboring lateral. This is called the Double Guyot. (Mary Spiller, Growing fruity, 1982, Penguin Books) 5.2.2 Transitive and intransitive material clauses (1) The lion sprang. (2) The lion caught the tourist. (3) The tourist was caught by the lion. 5.2.3 Types of doing-and-happening (see Fig. 5-9 Material clause systems on p.183) Table 5-4 Type of doing: creative / transformative (p.184) intransitive transitive creative actor + happen Actor + do What happened?–Icicles formed. What did they do? –They built a house. transformative happen to + Actor; Actor + do happen to + Goal; Actor + do to + goal What happened to the icicles? –They melted. What happened to icicles? – The sun melted them. What did Henry do? –He ran away. What did they do to Henry? –They chased him away. Table 5-5 Examples of verbs serving as Process in different material clause types (pp.187-189)