viii CONTENTS Policies to improve women's agency 305 Avoiding the reproduction of gender inequalities across generations for adolescents and young adults 314 Making gender-smart policies:Focusing"gender mainstreaming" 317 Wanted:Better evidence 320 Notes 321 References 323 8 The political economy of gender reform 330 Informal institutions-Social networks as agents of change 332 Inclusive markets 340 Bringing gender into formal institutions and policies 345 Seizing windows of opportunities 348 Pathways to change 350 Notes 354 References 355 9 A global agenda for greater gender equality 360 Rationale for and focus of a global agenda 360 What to do and how to do it 362 Notes 370 References 371 Bibliographical Note 373 Background Papers and Notes 377 Selected Indicators 381 Selected World Development Indicators 389 Index 411 Boxes 1 What do we mean by gender equality?4 7 Intervening early to overcome future labor market failures- 2 The Millennium Development Goals recognize the intrinsic The Adolescent Girls Initiative 34 and instrumental value of gender equality 4 0.1 Problems with estimating the effect of gender equality on 3 How women and men define gender in the 21st growth 49 century 7 4 What do we mean by markets,formal institutions,and 1.1 Gender and the Millennium Development Goals 58 informal social institutions?8 2.1 The many faces of climate change 86 5 Reducing maternal mortality-What works?Look at Malaysia and Sri Lanka 25 3.1 Adult mortality risks:Who are the outliers?119 6 Catalyzing female employment in Jordan 29 3.2 Four Africas 135viii CONTENTS Policies to improve women’s agency 305 Avoiding the reproduction of gender inequalities across generations for adolescents and young adults 314 Making gender-smart policies: Focusing “gender mainstreaming” 317 Wanted: Better evidence 320 Notes 321 References 323 8 The political economy of gender reform 330 Informal institutions—Social networks as agents of change 332 Inclusive markets 340 Bringing gender into formal institutions and policies 345 Seizing windows of opportunities 348 Pathways to change 350 Notes 354 References 355 9 A global agenda for greater gender equality 360 Rationale for and focus of a global agenda 360 What to do and how to do it 362 Notes 370 References 371 Bibliographical Note 373 Background Papers and Notes 377 Selected Indicators 381 Selected World Development Indicators 389 Index 411 Boxes 1 What do we mean by gender equality? 4 2 The Millennium Development Goals recognize the intrinsic and instrumental value of gender equality 4 3 How women and men defi ne gender in the 21st century 7 4 What do we mean by markets, formal institutions, and informal social institutions? 8 5 Reducing maternal mortality—What works? Look at Malaysia and Sri Lanka 25 6 Catalyzing female employment in Jordan 29 7 Intervening early to overcome future labor market failures— The Adolescent Girls Initiative 34 0.1 Problems with estimating the effect of gender equality on growth 49 1.1 Gender and the Millennium Development Goals 58 2.1 The many faces of climate change 86 3.1 Adult mortality risks: Who are the outliers? 119 3.2 Four Africas 135