Contents ix 4.1 Pensions-Coverage,amounts,and survivor benefits are 6.3 Occupational tasks and skill requirements-Getting the important for women's autonomy 156 terms right 259 4.2 Property in marriage (and divorce)162 6.4 Leveraging mobile and ICT technology to improve access to 4.3 Widows risk losing their assets but might gain some services 264 freedom 163 6.5 Globalization and working conditions-Some progress,but 4.4 Legal pluralism and its prevalence 165 more needs to be done 267 4.5 What does it mean to be a"good wife"and a"good 7.1 Improving water supply:Dakar and Phnom Penh 291 husband"?172 7.2 Reducing maternal mortality:What Malaysia and Sri Lanka 4.6 Masculinity and its impact on roles,preferences,and have done 295 behaviors 173 7.3 Protecting men and women and boys and girls from income 4.7 Why do social norms persist? 174 shocks 296 4.8 How stereotypes influence performance 175 7.4 Catalyzing female employment in Jordan 301 5.1 Closing the access gap-Recent advances in female labor 7.5 Innovative approaches to expanding access to finance for force participation 199 women and entrepreneurs 303 5.2 Women in the boardroom 204 7.6 Including women's voice in peace and postconflict reconstruction processes 308 5.3 Gender discrimination in hiring?Evidence from employment audit studies 205 8.1 Georgia-Evolving gender roles in a new society 332 5.4 What do we mean by employment segregation by 8.2 Feminism in perspective 334 gender? 206 8.3 Competing interests-Caste,ethnic,and religious politics 5.5 Good jobs and bad jobs:What are they and who does and gender 335 them?211 8.4 More women in public office-The Namibian Women's 5.6 The seeds of segregation are planted early-How gender Manifesto Network 335 differences in education trajectories shape employment segregation 216 8.5 Differences among women about their right to vote- The case of Switzerland 336 5.7 Overview of data used in analyzing gender differences in time use patterns 218 8.6 Domestic workers in Brazil 337 5.8 What did you do all day?Perceptions on time use patterns of 8.7 How popular culture can change social attitudes 339 the opposite sex 221 8.8 Four good practices for greater gender diversity 342 5.9 Gender of the household head versus household 8.9 Land titling in Peru-Using a gender lens for a gender- composition:What matters most for policy?225 neutral program 346 5.10 Family formation and public sector employment in 8.10 Gender machineries in practice 347 Egypt 232 8.11 Courts and constitutional challenges in Uganda's divorce 5.11 The business case for gender equality 238 law 348 8.12 Fiji:International norms as a driver of gender equality in 6.1 A job today or a better job tomorrow-The impact of family law 349 increased access to economic opportunities on women's human capital 258 8.13 Changing social norms from the bottom up 352 6.2 The impact of globalization on men (and women)in 8.14 Tunisia-Women's voice and women's rights 353 developed countries 259 8.15 Sweden-Encouraging an involved fatherhood 353 Figures I Gender outcomes result from interactions between 5 Female labor force participation has increased over time at households,markets,and institutions 9 all income levels 12 2 Across the world,women are having fewer children 6 Low-income countries lag behind in realizing progress in 3 Gender parity in enrollments at lower levels has been female school enrollment 13 achieved in much of the world,but tertiary enrollments are 7 Female disadvantage within countries is more marked at very low and favor women 10 low incomes 14 4 Using the framework to explain progress in 8 Women and men work in different sectors 16 education 11 9 Explaining persistent segregation and earnings gaps 18Contents ix 4.1 Pensions—Coverage, amounts, and survivor benefi ts are important for women’s autonomy 156 4.2 Property in marriage (and divorce) 162 4.3 Widows risk losing their assets but might gain some freedom 163 4.4 Legal pluralism and its prevalence 165 4.5 What does it mean to be a “good wife” and a “good husband”? 172 4.6 Masculinity and its impact on roles, preferences, and behaviors 173 4.7 Why do social norms persist? 174 4.8 How stereotypes infl uence performance 175 5.1 Closing the access gap—Recent advances in female labor force participation 199 5.2 Women in the boardroom 204 5.3 Gender discrimination in hiring? Evidence from employment audit studies 205 5.4 What do we mean by employment segregation by gender? 206 5.5 Good jobs and bad jobs: What are they and who does them? 211 5.6 The seeds of segregation are planted early—How gender differences in education trajectories shape employment segregation 216 5.7 Overview of data used in analyzing gender differences in time use patterns 218 5.8 What did you do all day? Perceptions on time use patterns of the opposite sex 221 5.9 Gender of the household head versus household composition: What matters most for policy? 225 5.10 Family formation and public sector employment in Egypt 232 5.11 The business case for gender equality 238 6.1 A job today or a better job tomorrow—The impact of increased access to economic opportunities on women’s human capital 258 6.2 The impact of globalization on men (and women) in developed countries 259 6.3 Occupational tasks and skill requirements—Getting the terms right 259 6.4 Leveraging mobile and ICT technology to improve access to services 264 6.5 Globalization and working conditions—Some progress, but more needs to be done 267 7.1 Improving water supply: Dakar and Phnom Penh 291 7.2 Reducing maternal mortality: What Malaysia and Sri Lanka have done 295 7.3 Protecting men and women and boys and girls from income shocks 296 7.4 Catalyzing female employment in Jordan 301 7.5 Innovative approaches to expanding access to fi nance for women and entrepreneurs 303 7.6 Including women’s voice in peace and postconfl ict reconstruction processes 308 8.1 Georgia—Evolving gender roles in a new society 332 8.2 Feminism in perspective 334 8.3 Competing interests—Caste, ethnic, and religious politics and gender 335 8.4 More women in public offi ce—The Namibian Women’s Manifesto Network 335 8.5 Differences among women about their right to vote— The case of Switzerland 336 8.6 Domestic workers in Brazil 337 8.7 How popular culture can change social attitudes 339 8.8 Four good practices for greater gender diversity 342 8.9 Land titling in Peru—Using a gender lens for a gender￾neutral program 346 8.10 Gender machineries in practice 347 8.11 Courts and constitutional challenges in Uganda’s divorce law 348 8.12 Fiji: International norms as a driver of gender equality in family law 349 8.13 Changing social norms from the bottom up 352 8.14 Tunisia—Women’s voice and women’s rights 353 8.15 Sweden—Encouraging an involved fatherhood 353 Figures 1 Gender outcomes result from interactions between households, markets, and institutions 9 2 Across the world, women are having fewer children 9 3 Gender parity in enrollments at lower levels has been achieved in much of the world, but tertiary enrollments are very low and favor women 10 4 Using the framework to explain progress in education 11 5 Female labor force participation has increased over time at all income levels 12 6 Low-income countries lag behind in realizing progress in female school enrollment 13 7 Female disadvantage within countries is more marked at low incomes 14 8 Women and men work in different sectors 16 9 Explaining persistent segregation and earnings gaps 18