consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language E. C: ase grammaR (格语法) 1)Case Grammar is a type of generative approach that stresses the relationship of elements in sentence. The grammar takes the verb as the most important part of the sentence, marking th relationships between the verb with various noun phrases as"cases 2)Fillmore's argument is based on the assumptions that syntax should be central in the determination of case and that covert categories are important The various ways in which cases occur in simple sentences define sentence types and verb types of a language 3)Case Grammar shows clear semantic relevance of notions such as agency, causation, location, advantage to someone, etc. These are easily identifiable across languages, and are held by many psychologists to play an important part in child language acquisition. For example (2)The student solved problems with a calculator in the classroom this morning 其中, solve为中心动词, student为施事格, problems为对象格, calculator为工具格, 为场所格, morning为时间格 F. Tagmemics(法位学) For Kenneth Pike, all languages have three interrelated hierarchies: phonological grammatical, and referential. On each level of the three hierarchies, there are four linguistic units having the four following features: Slot, Class, Role, and Cohesion. Their definitions and the relation formula(diagram) can be seen on the page of 323. Each of the four components in the diagram is called a cell. Some tagmemes are obligatory and are marked by"+, while optional tagmemes are marked by The ultimate aim of tagmemics is to provide a theory which integrates lexical, grammatical, and phonological information G. Stratificational Grammar(层次语法) 1. Sydney McDonald Lamb developed his theory in a model consisting of three levels, or STRATA: phoneme, morpheme, and MORPHOPHONEME. This laid the foundation for his stratificational grammar 2. Lamb regards language not in term of the elements that comprise it but rather as a system of relationships. He says that linguistic analysis can perhaps best be understood as a process of simplifying. It is a process that involves both simplification and generalization 3. Lamb claims that language, by its nature, relates sound to meaning, and vice versa, and while the relationship is complex it can be seen as series of connected stratal systems or strata. Among various strata, the four principal ones are the sememic, lexemic, morphemic, and the phonemic, from top to bottom. And every item of each stratum is composed of smaller"-on"units semon,“ lexon”," morphon”, and"phonon 4. For Stratificational Grammar, the various relations in a language are realized by three patterns in the relational network: the alternation pattern, the tactic pattern, and the sign pattern 5. Stratificational analysis seems to give a better account of the relations between sound and meaning. Lamb's theory aims to know about the language system in the human mind. Thus, he named his theory as COGNITIVE STRATIFICATIONAL THEORY. Later on, Lamb distinguished his theory with term NEUROCOGNITIVE LINGUISTICS H. Generative semantics(生成语义学) 1. Generative Semantics was developed as a reaction to Chomskys syntactic-based TG ammar. This theory considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure Linguists working within this theory hold that there is no principled distinction between syntactic6 consistent, i.e. to explore the nature, origin and the uses of human knowledge on language. E. Case grammar（格语法） 1) Case Grammar is a type of generative approach that stresses the relationship of elements in a sentence. The grammar takes the verb as the most important part of the sentence, marking the relationships between the verb with various noun phrases as “cases”. 2) Fillmore’s argument is based on the assumptions that syntax should be central in the determination of case and that covert categories are important. The various ways in which cases occur in simple sentences define sentence types and verb types of a language. 3) Case Grammar shows clear semantic relevance of notions such as agency, causation, location, advantage to someone, etc. These are easily identifiable across languages, and are held by many psychologists to play an important part in child language acquisition.For example: (2)The student solved problems with a calculator in the classroom this morning. 其中，solve 为中心动词，student 为施事格，problems 为对象格，calculator 为工具格， classroom 为场所格，morning 为时间格。 F. Tagmemics（法位学） For Kenneth Pike, all languages have three interrelated hierarchies: phonological, grammatical, and referential. On each level of the three hierarchies, there are four linguistic units having the four following features: Slot, Class, Role, and Cohesion. Their definitions and the relation formula (diagram) can be seen on the page of 323. Each of the four components in the diagram is called a cell. Some tagmemes are obligatory and are marked by “+”, while optional tagmemes are marked by “－”.The ultimate aim of tagmemics is to provide a theory which integrates lexical, grammatical, and phonological information. G. Stratificational Grammar (层次语法) 1. Sydney McDonald Lamb developed his theory in a model consisting of three levels, or STRATA: phoneme, morpheme, and MORPHOPHONEME. This laid the foundation for his stratificational grammar. 2. Lamb regards language not in term of the elements that comprise it but rather as a system of relationships. He says that linguistic analysis can perhaps best be understood as a process of simplifying. It is a process that involves both simplification and generalization. 3. Lamb claims that language, by its nature, relates sound to meaning, and vice versa, and while the relationship is complex it can be seen as series of connected stratal systems or strata. Among various strata, the four principal ones are the sememic, lexemic, morphemic, and the phonemic, from top to bottom. And every item of each stratum is composed of smaller “-on” units: “semon”, “lexon”, “morphon”, and “phonon”. 4. For Stratificational Grammar, the various relations in a language are realized by three patterns in the relational network: the alternation pattern, the tactic pattern, and the sign pattern. 5. Stratificational analysis seems to give a better account of the relations between sound and meaning. Lamb’s theory aims to know about the language system in the human mind. Thus, he named his theory as COGNITIVE STRATIFICATIONAL THEORY. Later on, Lamb distinguished his theory with term NEUROCOGNITIVE LINGUISTICS. H. Generative semantics (生成语义学) 1. Generative Semantics was developed as a reaction to Chomsky’s syntactic-based TG Grammar. This theory considers that all sentences are generated from a semantic structure. Linguists working within this theory hold that there is no principled distinction between syntactic