structure rules are also called rewriting rules. The generative process of a sentence is the process of rewriting one symbol into another. These rules can be represented by bracketing and tree diagramming 3 Chomsky lists sixteen transformational rules for English. Chomsky has distinguished transformational rules into two kinds: obligatory and optional. The transformational of auxiliaries es are o bligatory, and the transformation of negation, the passive voice, etc are optional The reason for different types of sentences is that they have experienced different transformation 5. The Standard Theory Chomsky says that a generative grammar should consist of three components: syntactic phonological and semantic 2 The relationships of the three components: The syntactic component can be called the base component, which consists of re-writing rules and the lexicon. It is the re-writing rules that generate the deep structure of the sentence, and the transformational rules, in turn, transform the deep structure into surface structure. The semantic component makes semantic interpretations on the deep structure, and the phonological component makes phonological interpretations on the surface structure. The Standard Theory improved a lot on the Classical Theory 6. The Extended Standard Theory 1)In the Extended Standard Theory, Chomsky revised his Standard Theory twice. The first revision is called the"Extended Standard Theory"(EST). The second revision is called the "Revised Extended Standard Theory"(REST 2) In his first revision of the Standard Theory, Chomsky moved part of semantic interpretation to the surface structure 2 Chomsky's second revision involves the whole theoretical framework, which can be illustrated by the diagram on the page of 336. The most remarkable change is that Chomsky now completely puts semantic interpretation in the surface structure. And, accordingly, from semantic interpretative rules is derived logical form representation. Hence, semantics was left out of the domain of synta 7. The Government and Binding(GB) Theory: Chomskys TG Grammar entered the fourth period of development with the theory of GOVERNMENT AND BINDING(GB). It consists of X-bar Theory, Government Theor Binding Theory and so on. The theory of GB directs our attention to a new orientation, i.e. the empty category (EC). Chomsky believes that through the empty category, we can further get to know about the mechanism of language 8. The minimalist Program O The Minimalist Program is characterized by several remarkable changes 2 Chomsky holds that the initial states of human languages are the same whereas the states of acquiring different languages are not. A universal grammar is a theory for studying the initial states, and particular grammars are theories for studying the states of acquisition. Chomsky puts forward the strongest minimalist thesis: Linguistic mechanism is the ideal solution to the problem The development of TG Grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers, and the Minimalist Program and the minimalist Inquiries are just some logical steps in this process. TG Grammars aims and purposes have been5 structure rules are also called rewriting rules. The generative process of a sentence is the process of rewriting one symbol into another. These rules can be represented by bracketing and tree diagramming. ③ Chomsky lists sixteen transformational rules for English. Chomsky has distinguished transformational rules into two kinds: obligatory and optional. The transformational of auxiliaries and particles are obligatory, and the transformation of negation, the passive voice, etc. are optional. The reason for different types of sentences is that they have experienced different transformational processes. 5. The Standard Theory ① Chomsky says that a generative grammar should consist of three components: syntactic, phonological and semantic. ② The relationships of the three components: The syntactic component can be called the base component, which consists of re-writing rules and the lexicon. It is the re-writing rules that generate the deep structure of the sentence, and the transformational rules, in turn, transform the deep structure into surface structure. The semantic component makes semantic interpretations on the deep structure, and the phonological component makes phonological interpretations on the surface structure. The Standard Theory improved a lot on the Classical Theory. 6. The Extended Standard Theory 1) In the Extended Standard Theory, Chomsky revised his Standard Theory twice. The first revision is called the “Extended Standard Theory” (EST). The second revision is called the “Revised Extended Standard Theory” (REST). 2) ① In his first revision of the Standard Theory, Chomsky moved part of semantic interpretation to the surface structure. ② Chomsky’s second revision involves the whole theoretical framework, which can be illustrated by the diagram on the page of 336.The most remarkable change is that Chomsky now completely puts semantic interpretation in the surface structure. And, accordingly, from semantic interpretative rules is derived logical form representation. Hence, semantics was left out of the domain of syntax. 7. The Government and Binding (GB) Theory: Chomsky’s TG Grammar entered the fourth period of development with the theory of GOVERNMENT AND BINDING (GB). It consists of X-bar Theory, Government Theory, Binding Theory and so on.The theory of GB directs our attention to a new orientation, i.e. the empty category (EC). Chomsky believes that through the empty category, we can further get to know about the mechanism of language. 8. The Minimalist Program ① The Minimalist Program is characterized by several remarkable changes. ② Chomsky holds that the initial states of human languages are the same whereas the states of acquiring different languages are not. A universal grammar is a theory for studying the initial states, and particular grammars are theories for studying the states of acquisition. Chomsky puts forward the strongest minimalist thesis: Linguistic mechanism is the ideal solution to the problem of legibility conditions. The development of TG Grammar can be regarded as a process of constantly minimalising theories and controlling the generative powers, and the Minimalist Program and the Minimalist Inquiries are just some logical steps in this process. TG Grammar’s aims and purposes have been