Chinese subject and to be registered as a native of Hefei (Luzhou,Anhui).Li's memorial reporting Pennell's petition was couched in standard world order rhetoric,complete with references to the foreigner's admiration for Chinese customs and the emperor's "cherishing and soothing men from afar."But Li recognized that there was substance to Pennell's petition,unlike those of Ward and Burgevine.Pennell's thorough sinicization allowed him to fit in perfectly with his Chinese peers in the Anhui Army and facilitated Li's control over him.[28] Unfortunately for Li,Pennell's cultural sensitivity,like that of Macartney,was rare among Westerners in nineteenth century China.Recognizing this,the Jiangsu governor adopted a strategy of barbarian management that emphasized concrete inducements over cultural commitments.For over two thousand years the Chinese had relied heavily upon financial rewards as a means of attracting and maintaining the loyalty of foreign employees.Ward's legendary thirst for money conformed closely to a long- standing stereotype of foreigners,and even Gordon seemed,at least in Li's eyes,quite greedy.In fact,however,Gordon disdained monetary rewards,and as a matter of principle refused a ten thousand tael gift from the Qing government in the aftermath of the Suzhou Incident.[29] But while Gordon could not be tempted by material inducements,he,like Ward, wanted desperately to be appreciated.Li therefore played effectively on his ego, continually telling Gordon about the memorials he had written concerning the British commander's achievements in battle,and conveying the substance of appreciative edicts in response.He even gave Gordon the impression that the Empress Dowager,Cixi,took a personal interest in the Ever-Victorious Army.Meanwhile,Li's subordinates in the Anhui Army and other military units kept in constant contact with Gordon,not only sharing information but also sending compliments.Li's praise of Gordon,it should be added,was genuine.Although occasionally disturbed by the latter's impatience,impetuousness,and sudden outbursts of temper,his memorials repeatedly commended the foreign commander for his bravery,zeal,obedience,military wisdom,and effective use of Western weapons.[30] Li employed bureaucratic controls as an institutional complement to self- conscious flattery.From the very outset of Gordon's employment,the Jiangsu governor constantly reminded the British commander,as well as other British officials,both civil and military,that the Ever-Victorious Army was a Qing military force,under Li's own direction.Soon after Gordon's appointment as commander of the EVA,Li told the local British Consul,John Markham,that he had recently requested that Gordon be given a Qing military commission as a brigade-general (zongbing)so that he could consider him "part of my command.Li had in fact made the same point in his memorial of April 12-- although he also had to admit that he was bound to offer Gordon zongbing status by the terms of an agreement with the British in mid-January of 1863.On April 27,in response to Li's memorial,Beijing granted Gordon a temporary commission as brigade-general, charging him with the task of keeping the Ever-Victorious Army under control. Significantly,the edict to the Grand Council did not require the British commander to become a Chinese subject or change to Chinese clothing.Li conveyed the substance of these and related documents to Gordon,leaving him with no illusions about his position. "The Futai considers the force as his own,"Gordon wrote in early May,"under an officer who has entered the Chinese Service and has nothing further to say to the British Authorities for the time that he remains in the Chinese Service."[31]9 Chinese subject and to be registered as a native of Hefei (Luzhou, Anhui). Li's memorial reporting Pennell's petition was couched in standard world order rhetoric, complete with references to the foreigner's admiration for Chinese customs and the emperor's "cherishing and soothing men from afar." But Li recognized that there was substance to Pennell's petition, unlike those of Ward and Burgevine. Pennell's thorough sinicization allowed him to fit in perfectly with his Chinese peers in the Anhui Army and facilitated Li's control over him. [28] Unfortunately for Li, Pennell's cultural sensitivity, like that of Macartney, was rare among Westerners in nineteenth century China. Recognizing this, the Jiangsu governor adopted a strategy of barbarian management that emphasized concrete inducements over cultural commitments. For over two thousand years the Chinese had relied heavily upon financial rewards as a means of attracting and maintaining the loyalty of foreign employees. Ward's legendary thirst for money conformed closely to a long￾standing stereotype of foreigners, and even Gordon seemed, at least in Li's eyes, quite greedy. In fact, however, Gordon disdained monetary rewards, and as a matter of principle refused a ten thousand tael gift from the Qing government in the aftermath of the Suzhou Incident. [29] But while Gordon could not be tempted by material inducements, he, like Ward, wanted desperately to be appreciated. Li therefore played effectively on his ego, continually telling Gordon about the memorials he had written concerning the British commander's achievements in battle, and conveying the substance of appreciative edicts in response. He even gave Gordon the impression that the Empress Dowager, Cixi, took a personal interest in the Ever-Victorious Army. Meanwhile, Li's subordinates in the Anhui Army and other military units kept in constant contact with Gordon, not only sharing information but also sending compliments. Li's praise of Gordon, it should be added, was genuine. Although occasionally disturbed by the latter's impatience, impetuousness, and sudden outbursts of temper, his memorials repeatedly commended the foreign commander for his bravery, zeal, obedience, military wisdom, and effective use of Western weapons. [30] Li employed bureaucratic controls as an institutional complement to self￾conscious flattery. From the very outset of Gordon's employment, the Jiangsu governor constantly reminded the British commander, as well as other British officials, both civil and military, that the Ever-Victorious Army was a Qing military force, under Li's own direction. Soon after Gordon's appointment as commander of the EVA, Li told the local British Consul, John Markham, that he had recently requested that Gordon be given a Qing military commission as a brigade-general (zongbing) so that he could consider him "part of my command." Li had in fact made the same point in his memorial of April 12-- although he also had to admit that he was bound to offer Gordon zongbing status by the terms of an agreement with the British in mid-January of 1863. On April 27, in response to Li's memorial, Beijing granted Gordon a temporary commission as brigade-general, charging him with the task of keeping the Ever-Victorious Army under control. Significantly, the edict to the Grand Council did not require the British commander to become a Chinese subject or change to Chinese clothing. Li conveyed the substance of these and related documents to Gordon, leaving him with no illusions about his position. "The Futai considers the force as his own," Gordon wrote in early May, "under an officer who has entered the Chinese Service and has nothing further to say to the British Authorities for the time that he remains in the Chinese Service." [31]