grammaticalized in every language, in association with the clause as propos ition or Typically the positive clause is formally unmarked, while the negative is realized by some additional element In English, it is realized by the word not located in the neighborhood of the verb The functional status of yes and no Yes and no are direct expressions of polarity, but they have more than one functional status (1) They may function as statement, either in answer to a question, acknowledgement to a statement, in undertaking of a command or in acceptance of offer.(see Fig 4-21 on page 145) (2)They tion as part of a te serve to signal that a new move is beg inning, often but not necessarily a new peaker's turn; they have no speech function of their own, and therefore merely brin about a switch. In this case, they are almost always phonolog ically weak. (see Fig 4-22 ()Yes may function as response to a call; it carries tonic prominence, typically on a rising tone, such as Paddy/-Yes? 4.5.2 Modality MODALITY expresses the speaker's judgment, or request of the judgment of the listener, on the status of what is being said. It is the choice concerning the intermed iate degrees, the various indeterminacy that fall in between yes and no, such as“ sometimes” or maybe The Modality system can be divided into two categori ( 0 Modalization(情态, In propositions) 1)degrees of probability: possibly / probably /certainly 2)degrees of usuality: sometimes /usually /always (i) Modulation(意态, in proposals) 1)Degrees of obligation(in command ) allowed to/supposed to/required to 2)Degrees of inclination(in offers) willing to/anxious to /determined to The lexicogrammatical realization of mOdaliTY The system of VALUE and POLaRiTY(see Fig 4-24 on page 149) The system network of MODALITY (see Fig 4-25 on page 150) 情态副词,也称为“语气副词”或“评注性副词” 多个情态动词连用的顺序是认知情态、道义情态、动力情态 能愿动词:能愿动词,也叫“助动词”,是表示可能、必要、必然、意愿 估价等意义的动词。例如: 表示可能:能能够会可可能可以得以 表示意愿:愿意乐意情愿肯要愿想要要想敢敢于乐于 表示必要:应应该应当得(dei)该当须得犯得着犯不着 理当 表示估价:值得便于难于难以易于 能愿动词主要用在动词和形容词前面作状语,不能直接带体词性宾语。例如: 幸福和欢乐都是很脆弱的东西,一点风吹草动就能够影响它们。9 grammaticalized in every language, in association with the clause as proposition or proposal. Typically the positive clause is formally unmarked, while the negative is realized by some additional element. In English, it is realized by the word not located in the neighborhood of the verb. The functional status of yes and no Yes and no are direct expressions of polarity, but they have more than one functional status. (1) They may function as statement, either in answer to a question, in acknowledgement to a statement, in undertaking of a command or in acceptance of an offer. (see Fig. 4-21 on page 145) (2) They may function as part of a textual Theme. Here they are continuative and serve to signal that a new move is beginning, often but not necessarily a new speaker’s turn; they have no speech function of their own, and therefore merely bring about a switch. In this case, they are almost always phonologically weak. (see Fig. 4-22 on page 146) (3) Yes may function as response to a call; it carries tonic prominence, typically on a rising tone, such as Paddy! – Yes?. 4.5.2 Modality MODALITY expresses the speaker’s judgment, or request of the judgment of the listener, on the status of what is being said. It is the choice concerning the intermediate degrees, the various indeterminacy that fall in between yes and no, such as “sometimes” or “maybe”. The Modality system can be divided into two categories: (i) Modalization (情态，in propositions): 1) degrees of probability: possibly / probably / certainly 2) degrees of usuality: sometimes / usually / always (ii) Modulation (意态， in proposals) 1) Degrees of obligation (in command): allowed to / supposed to / required to 2) Degrees of inclination (in offers): willing to / anxious to / determined to The lexicogrammatical realization of MODALITY The system of VALUE and POLARITY (see Fig. 4-24 on page 149) The system network of MODALITY (see Fig. 4-25 on page 150) 情态副词，也称为“语气副词”或 “评注性副词” 多个情态动词连用的顺序是:认知情态、道义情态、动力情态。 能愿动词：能愿动词，也叫“助动词”，是表示可能、必要、必然、意愿、 估价等意义的动词。例如： 表示可能：能 能够 会 可 可能 可以 得以 表示意愿：愿意 乐意 情愿 肯 要 愿 想要 要想 敢 敢于 乐于 表示必要：应 应该 应当 得（dei） 该 当 须得 犯得着 犯不着 理当 表示估价：值得 便于 难于 难以 易于 能愿动词主要用在动词和形容词前面作状语，不能直接带体词性宾语。例如： 幸 福 和 欢 乐都 是 很 脆弱 的 东 西， 一 点 风吹 草 动 就能 够 影 响它 们