CONTENTS Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises 278 Real-Life Syllogisms 279 The Rules Method of Testing for Validity 283 Recap 285 Additional Exercises 286 Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments Il Truth-Functional Logic 297 Truth Tables and the Truth-Functional Symbols 298 Claim variables 298 Truth Tables 298 Symbolizing Compound Claims 304 "If"and"Only If"308 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 310 Unless" 312 "Either" 312 Truth-Functional Arguments 314 The Truth-Table method 31 The Short Truth-Table method 318 Deductions 322 Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns 323 Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences 328 Conditional proof 334 Recap 338 Additional Exercises 338 Chapter 10 Three Kinds of Inductive Arguments 346 Arguing from the General to the Specific(Inductive Syllogisms) 347 Arguing from the Specific to the General(Inductive Generalizing) 348 Examples 351 Inductive Arguments from Analogy 353 Attacking the Analogy 358 Random Variation, Error Margins, and Confidence Levels 358 Everyday Inductive Arguments 360 Informal Error- Margin and Confidence-Level Indicators 360 Fallacies in Inductive Reasoning 361 Illicit Inductive Conversions 363Revised Pages CONTENTS vii Categorical Syllogisms with Unstated Premises 278 Real-Life Syllogisms 279 The Rules Method of Testing for Validity 283 Recap 285 Additional Exercises 286 Chapter 9 Deductive Arguments II: Truth-Functional Logic 297 Truth Tables and the Truth-Functional Symbols 298 Claim Variables 298 Truth Tables 298 Symbolizing Compound Claims 304 “If” and “Only If” 308 Necessary and Sufficient Conditions 310 “Unless” 312 “Either . . .” 312 Truth-Functional Arguments 314 The Truth-Table Method 314 The Short Truth-Table Method 318 Deductions 322 Group I Rules: Elementary Valid Argument Patterns 323 Group II Rules: Truth-Functional Equivalences 328 Conditional Proof 334 Recap 338 Additional Exercises 338 Chapter 10 Three Kinds of Inductive Arguments 346 Arguing from the General to the Specific (Inductive Syllogisms) 347 Arguing from the Specific to the General (Inductive Generalizing) 348 Examples 351 Inductive Arguments from Analogy 353 Attacking the Analogy 358 Random Variation, Error Margins, and Confidence Levels 358 Everyday Inductive Arguments 360 Informal Error-Margin and Confidence-Level Indicators 360 Fallacies in Inductive Reasoning 361 Illicit Inductive Conversions 363 moo86677_fm_i-xxii.indd vii 6/23/08 3:45:14 PM