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·990· 医学综述2014年3月第20卷第6期Medical Recapitulate,Mar.2014,Vol.20,No.6 细胞骨架的重组四。雌激素激活RhoA,促进肌动蛋 calcineurin and CaMKII []PloS one,2012,7(9):e43810. [5] Petrovic MM,Nowacki J,Olivo V,et al.Inhibition of post-synaptic 白聚合和LTP形成,而雌激素抑制剂可以明显影响 Kv7/KCNQ/M channels facilitates long-term potentiation in the LTP的产生o。卵巢切除的中年小鼠LTP产生障 hippocampus []PloS one,2012,7(2):e30402. 碍,可对其注射雌激素进行治疗圆。腺苷阻断RhoA [6 Evans RC,Morera-Herreras T,Cui Y,et al.The effects of NMDA subunit composition on calcium influx and spike timing-dependent 的作用,使Rho鸟苷三磷酸酶利用率降低,从而抑制 plasticity in striatal medium spiny neurons ]PLoS Comput Biol, LTP。雌激素和腺苷都作用于第一条途径;BDNF同 2012,8(4):e1002493. ] Manninen T,Hituri K,Kotaleski JH,et al.Postsynaptic signal 时作用于两条途径。BDNF是研究最广的LTP调控 transduction models for long-term potentiation and depression ] 因子,它对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响非常强烈。研 Front Comput Neurosci,2010,4:152. 8] 究发现,清除BDNF能够阻断肌动蛋白的聚合作用, Deisseroth K,Bito H,Tsien RW.Signaling from synapse to nucleus: postsynaptie CREB phosphorylation during multiple forms of hipp- 同时阻断LTP;卵巢切除的大鼠由于缺乏雌激素可观 ocampal synaptic plasticity ]Neuron,1996,16(1):89-01. 察到细胞骨架重组和LTP的异常,而BDNF的上调 9] Molinuevo JL.Memantine:the value of combined therapy ]Rev Neurol,2011,52(2):95100. 则可以使这种异常恢复s,2,3训 10 Muiller T,Albrecht D,Gebhardt C.Both NR2A and NR2B subunits AMPA受体作为突触后膜上的一种重要受体,可 of the NMDA receptor are critical for long-term potentiation and long-erm depression in the lateral amygdala of horizontal slices of 以被钙离子/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ复合体磷 adult mice ]Learn Mem,2009,16(6)395-405. 酸化而具有更强的通透性,但是AMPA受体功能的 01] Dalton GL,Wu DC,Wang YT,et al.NMDA GluN2A and GluN2B 改变主要是由于突触后膜上数量的改变,PSD结构 receptors play separate roles in the induction of LTP and LTD in the amygdala and in the acquisition and extinction of conditioned 的改变为AMPA受体提供了更多的锚定位点。 fear ]Neuropharmacology,2012,62 (2):797-806. AMPA受体调控LTP主要通过改变膜上和胞内 12] Andreescu CE,Prestori F,Brandalise F.NR2A subunit of the AMPA受体数量的比例B2划。有研究发现,雷神之 N-methyl D-spartate receptors are required for potentiation at the mossy fiber to granule cell synapse and vestibulo-cerebellar motor 酶(thorase)通过分解羟基5甲基4-异恶唑受体-谷 learning ]Neuroscience,2011,176:274283 3] Tang YP,Shimizu E,Dube GR,et al.Genetic enhancement of learn- 氨酸受体相互作用蛋白1复合物,介导AMPA受体 ing and memory in mice D].Nature,1999,401(6748):63-69. 的内化作用,雷神之酶过度表达使突触后膜上AMPA D41 Hirokawa N,Niwa S,Tanaka Y.Molecular motors in neurons:trans- 受体数量减少,进而对LTP进行调控。被认为与 port mechanisms and roles in brain function,development,and disease[0.Neuron,2010,68(4):610-638. 记忆有关的基因KIBRA,也能通过调控AMPA受体 15] Yin X,Takei Y,Kido MA,et al.Molecular motor KIF17 is funda- 的循环使膜上AMPA受体数量发生变化,影响LTP mental for memory and learing via differential support of synaptic NR2A/2 B levels0.Neuron,2011,70(2):310325. 的维持B 16] Wu IJ,Xu H,Ren M,et al.Pharmacological isolation of postsynap- 3小结 tic currents mediated by NR2A-and NR2B-containing NMDA 以上总结了LTP在诱导和增强两个阶段的可能 receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex [J].Mol Pain,2007, 3:11. 分子机制。LTP的诱导表达及维持是受到多种受体、 [17]Cui Y,Jin J,Zhang X,et al.Forebrain NR2B overexpression facilita- 物质,多条信号途径协同影响的一个连续复杂过程。 ting the prefrontal cortex long-temm potentiation and enhancing work- ing memory function in mice []PloS one,2011,6(5)e20312. LTP产生和维持的机制正在不断被发现,随着深入地 8] Mamiya T,Yamada K,Miyamoto Y,et al.Neuronal mechanism of 研究,将会有更多的影响因素被发现。动态观察所 nociceptin-induced modulation of learning and memory:involve- ment of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors ]Mol Psychiatry,2003, 有因素在环路中的调控作用是一个难题,还需要更 8(8):752765. 清楚地掌握突触的纳米结构,采取更先进的检测方 9] Potter DA,Timauer JS,Janssen R,et al.Calpain regulates actin re- 法,能够在活体动物体内研究可塑性通路。这样的 modeling during cell spreading]J Cell Biol,1998,141 (3): 647662. 研究对于LTP的具体机制以及脑功能的认识、脑潜 20] Chen LY,Rex CS,Babayan AH,et al.Physiological activation of 能的开发等都会产生深刻影响。 synaptic Rac PAK(p21 activated kinase)signaling is defective in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome []J Neurosci,2010,30 参考文献 (33):1097710984. [1]Li B,Wanka L,Blanchard J,et al.Neurotrophic peptides incorpo- 21] Zadran S.Jourdi H,Rostamiani K,et al.Brain-derived neurotrophic rating adamantane improve leaming and memory,promote neuro- factor and epidermal growth factor activate neuronal m-ealpain via genesis and synaptie plasticity in mice].FEBS Lett,2010.584 mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation ]J (15):33593365. Neurosci,2010,30(3):10861095. 1]Amici M,Doherty A,Jo J,et al.Neuronal calcium sensors and syn- 22] Moore FB,Baleja JD.Molecular remodeling mechanisms of the aptic plasticity D].Biochem Soc Trans,2009,37(P6):1359-363. neural somatodendritic compartment ]Biochim Biophys Acta, 3]Bliss TV,Lomo T.Long-asting potentiation of synaptic transmis- 2012,1823(10):1720H730. sion in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimu- 23]Rex CS,Chen LY,Sharma A,et al.Different Rho GTPase-epend- lation of the perforant path J Physiol,1973,232 (2):331356. ent signaling pathways initiate sequential steps in the consolidation [4]Li L,Stefan MI,Le Novere N.Calcium input frequency,duration of long-term potentiation ]J Cell Biol,2009,186(1):85-97. and amplitude differentially modulate the relative activation of 24]Kramar EA,Chen LY,Brandon NJ,et al.Cytoskeletal changes ?1994-2014 China Academic Journal Electronic Publishing House.All rights reserved.http://www.cnki.net细胞骨架的重组[29]。雌激素激活 RhoA,促进肌动蛋 白聚合和 LTP 形成,而雌激素抑制剂可以明显影响 LTP 的产生[30]。卵巢切除的中年小鼠 LTP 产生障 碍,可对其注射雌激素进行治疗[28]。腺苷阻断 RhoA 的作用,使 Rho 鸟苷三磷酸酶利用率降低,从而抑制 LTP。雌激素和腺苷都作用于第一条途径; BDNF 同 时作用于两条途径。BDNF 是研究最广的 LTP 调控 因子,它对肌动蛋白细胞骨架的影响非常强烈。研 究发现,清除 BDNF 能够阻断肌动蛋白的聚合作用, 同时阻断 LTP; 卵巢切除的大鼠由于缺乏雌激素可观 察到细胞骨架重组和 LTP 的异常,而 BDNF 的上调 则可以使这种异常恢复[25,27,31]。 AMPA 受体作为突触后膜上的一种重要受体,可 以被钙离子/钙调蛋白依赖性蛋白激酶Ⅱ复合体磷 酸化而具有更强的通透性,但是 AMPA 受体功能的 改变主要是由于突触后膜上数量的改变,PSD 结构 的改 变 为 AMPA 受体提供了更多的锚定 位 点。 AMPA受 体 调 控 LTP 主 要 通 过 改 变 膜 上 和 胞 内 AMPA受体数量的比例[32-33]。有研究发现,雷神之 酶( thorase) 通过分解羟基-5-甲基-4-异恶唑受体-谷 氨酸受体相互作用蛋白 1 复合物,介导 AMPA 受体 的内化作用,雷神之酶过度表达使突触后膜上 AMPA 受体数量减少,进而对 LTP 进行调控[34]。被认为与 记忆有关的基因 KIBRA,也能通过调控 AMPA 受体 的循环使膜上 AMPA 受体数量发生变化,影响 LTP 的维持[35]。 3 小 结 以上总结了 LTP 在诱导和增强两个阶段的可能 分子机制。LTP 的诱导表达及维持是受到多种受体、 物质,多条信号途径协同影响的一个连续复杂过程。 LTP 产生和维持的机制正在不断被发现,随着深入地 研究,将会有更多的影响因素被发现。动态观察所 有因素在环路中的调控作用是一个难题,还需要更 清楚地掌握突触的纳米结构,采取更先进的检测方 法,能够在活体动物体内研究可塑性通路。这样的 研究对于 LTP 的具体机制以及脑功能的认识、脑潜 能的开发等都会产生深刻影响。 参考文献 [1] Li B,Wanka L,Blanchard J,et al. Neurotrophic peptides incorpo￾rating adamantane improve learning and memory,promote neuro￾genesis and synaptic plasticity in mice[J]. FEBS Lett,2010,584 ( 15) : 3359-3365. [2] Amici M,Doherty A,Jo J,et al. Neuronal calcium sensors and syn￾aptic plasticity[J]. Biochem Soc Trans,2009,37( Pt 6) : 1359-1363. [3] Bliss TV,Lomo T. Long-lasting potentiation of synaptic transmis￾sion in the dentate area of the anaesthetized rabbit following stimu￾lation of the perforant path[J]. J Physiol,1973,232( 2) : 331-356. [4] Li L,Stefan MI,Le Novère N. Calcium input frequency,duration and amplitude differentially modulate the relative activation of calcineurin and CaMKII[J]. PloS one,2012,7( 9) : e43810. [5] Petrovic MM,Nowacki J,Olivo V,et al. Inhibition of post-synaptic Kv7 /KCNQ/M channels facilitates long-term potentiation in the hippocampus[J]. PloS one,2012,7( 2) : e30402. [6] Evans RC,Morera-Herreras T,Cui Y,et al. The effects of NMDA subunit composition on calcium influx and spike timing-dependent plasticity in striatal medium spiny neurons[J]. PLoS Comput Biol, 2012,8( 4) : e1002493. [7] Manninen T,Hituri K,Kotaleski JH,et al. Postsynaptic signal transduction models for long-term potentiation and depression[J]. Front Comput Neurosci,2010,4: 152. [8] Deisseroth K,Bito H,Tsien RW. Signaling from synapse to nucleus: postsynaptic CREB phosphorylation during multiple forms of hipp￾ocampal synaptic plasticity[J]. Neuron,1996,16( 1) : 89-101. [9] Molinuevo JL. Memantine: the value of combined therapy[J]. Rev Neurol,2011,52( 2) : 95-100. [10] Müller T,Albrecht D,Gebhardt C. Both NR2A and NR2B subunits of the NMDA receptor are critical for long-term potentiation and long-term depression in the lateral amygdala of horizontal slices of adult mice[J]. Learn Mem,2009,16( 6) : 395-405. [11] Dalton GL,Wu DC,Wang YT,et al. NMDA GluN2A and GluN2B receptors play separate roles in the induction of LTP and LTD in the amygdala and in the acquisition and extinction of conditioned fear[J]. Neuropharmacology,2012,62( 2) : 797-806. [12] Andreescu CE,Prestori F,Brandalise F. NR2A subunit of the N-methyl D-aspartate receptors are required for potentiation at the mossy fiber to granule cell synapse and vestibulo-cerebellar motor learning[J]. Neuroscience,2011,176: 274-283. [13] Tang YP,Shimizu E,Dube GR,et al. Genetic enhancement of learn￾ing and memory in mice[J]. Nature,1999,401( 6748) : 63-69. [14] Hirokawa N,Niwa S,Tanaka Y. Molecular motors in neurons: trans￾port mechanisms and roles in brain function,development,and disease[J]. Neuron,2010,68( 4) : 610-638. [15] Yin X,Takei Y,Kido MA,et al. Molecular motor KIF17 is funda￾mental for memory and learning via differential support of synaptic NR2A/2B levels[J]. Neuron,2011,70( 2) : 310-325. [16] Wu LJ,Xu H,Ren M,et al. Pharmacological isolation of postsynap￾tic currents mediated by NR2A-and NR2B-containing NMDA receptors in the anterior cingulate cortex[J]. Mol Pain,2007, 3: 11. [17] Cui Y,Jin J,Zhang X,et al. Forebrain NR2B overexpression facilita￾ting the prefrontal cortex long-term potentiation and enhancing work￾ing memory function in mice[J]. PloS one,2011,6( 5) : e20312. [18] Mamiya T,Yamada K,Miyamoto Y,et al. Neuronal mechanism of nociceptin-induced modulation of learning and memory: involve￾ment of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors[J]. Mol Psychiatry,2003, 8( 8) : 752-765. [19] Potter DA,Tirnauer JS,Janssen R,et al. Calpain regulates actin re￾modeling during cell spreading[J]. J Cell Biol,1998,141 ( 3 ) : 647-662. [20] Chen LY,Rex CS,Babayan AH,et al. Physiological activation of synaptic Rac > PAK( p-21 activated kinase) signaling is defective in a mouse model of fragile X syndrome[J]. J Neurosci,2010,30 ( 33) : 10977-10984. [21] Zadran S,Jourdi H,Rostamiani K,et al. Brain-derived neurotrophic factor and epidermal growth factor activate neuronal m-calpain via mitogen-activated protein kinase-dependent phosphorylation[J]. J Neurosci,2010,30( 3) : 1086-1095. [22] Moore FB,Baleja JD. Molecular remodeling mechanisms of the neural somatodendritic compartment[J]. Biochim Biophys Acta, 2012,1823( 10) : 1720-1730. [23] Rex CS,Chen LY,Sharma A,et al. Different Rho GTPase-depend￾ent signaling pathways initiate sequential steps in the consolidation of long-term potentiation[J]. J Cell Biol,2009,186( 1) : 85-97. [24] Kramár EA,Chen LY,Brandon NJ,et al. Cytoskeletal changes ·990· 医学综述 2014 年 3 月第 20 卷第 6 期 Medical Recapitulate,Mar. 2014,Vol. 20,No. 6
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