58 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 59 and let him ship out as a second mate on the clipper Hamilton, At the time of Ward's arrival in Shanghai they were still firmly captained by a relative and bound for China. entrenched in the Yangtze valley,and had routed all the Ch'ing Returning from China in the autumn of 1847,he entered a mili- forces sent against them.As rebels,they were a new phenomenon in tary school in Vermont,where he got whatever book knowledge of Chinese history,unlike the peasant rebel armies of the past.Their military tactics he was later to use.But money was short in his family leader,Hung Hsiu-ch'uan,had gleaned the elements of Christianity at that time,and he did not graduate.In 1849 he shipped out again, from a Protestant missionary pamphlet and had learned in a mystical this time as a first mate.From 1849 to 1858 he wandered the world vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ.His mission, impatiently searching for wealth and adventure.As he later told the he believed,was to establish the"Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" American Minister to China,Anson Burlingame,he "went to sea (Tai-p'ing t'ien-kuo)in China and bring his people back to knowl- when a boy,became mate of a ship,and then was a Texas ranger, edge of the true God."My hand now holds both in heaven and Californian gold-miner,instructor in the Mexican service,was with earth the power to punish and kill,"he wrote;"to slay the depraved, Walker [fighting in Central America]-for which he was outlawed and spare the upright;to relieve the people's distress.My eyes survey by his government-[and]at the Crimea [as an officer in the from the North to the South beyond the rivers and mountains;my French army]."Though this account is neither strictly chronologi- voice is heard from East to West,to the tracts of the sun and the cal,nor probably accurate,it shows that Ward had few scruples moon."4 about the activities he undertook,or the causes in which he enlisted. Hung's troops followed him with fanatical loyalty and were sub- After ten years of wandering,Ward returned home to try a more ject to iron discipline.As they advanced across the country all those normal life.He took a job in his father's office in New York as a ship who resisted were slaughtered,those who surrendered were spared. broker,but he found it too dull and sailed once more for China, Hung's followers had to obey the dictates of his religion,which were reaching Shanghai in the fall of 1859.The China he happened upon adapted from the Ten Commandments.The sexes were segregated, was a country in chaos,ravaged by a great rebellion whose leaders opium smoking was forbidden.Land was shared and all surplus paid called themselves Taipings. into a common treasury.Civil service examinations were instituted, These leaders had developed their power in the southern prov- based,not on the Confucian canon,but on the new doctrines.5 inces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi in the late 1840's,drawing recruits Western observers,initially fascinated by these rebels and sympa- from Hakka and Miao minority groups,from secret societies,from thetic to their Christian aspirations,felt it would be no misfortune if pirates driven inland by British patrol vessels jealously guarding the the Taipings overthrew the Ch'ing dynasty.A British Protestant in new treaty ports,from impoverished miners and peasants,and from 1853 pointed out four "advantages which will accrue to China from the drifting population on the waterways,unemployed now that the success on the side of the insurgents":China would be opened to the focus of the opium trade had swung from Canton up to Shanghai dissemination of the scriptures,idolatry would be firmly put down, and the Yangtze valley.The apathy and ineffectualness of the local opium traffic would be stopped,and"China will be fully opened to Ch'ing officials had given the rebel band the opportunity to grow to our commerce,our science,our curiosity,and all the influences of our some thirty thousand men by 1850.Two years later the rebels struck civilization."A Catholic missionary,though finding the Taiping north,gathering hundreds of thousands of recruits along the way.In religion"a compilation of doctrinal rhapsodies,rather than the adop- 1853,after a series of shattering victories,they seized the great city of tion of a religion transmitted by others,"still saw the rebels "as Nanking and even threatened Peking itself.3 avengers of their nationality"and noted "that they treated me with58 TO cHANGE CHINA and let him shiP out as a second mate on the chPPer H幺 o冫o讠 Ⅰ讠o,o, cgptained by a relative and bound for China, Returning from China in the autumn of1847,he entered a n`ihˉ tary school in 、′ermont,、Vhere he got whatever book knowledge of Π)ihtary tactics he1o,as later to use,But Fnoney was short in his family at that thne,and he did not graduate,In 1849he shiPPed out agβ in, this time as a srst mate.From1849to1858he wandered the world i:nPatient】 y searching for、vealth and adventure,As he later`told the American9√ Iinister to China,Anson Budingame,he“ went to sqa when0boy,became mate of a shiP,and then was a Texas ranger, Cahfornian goldˉ 【ninc△ instructor in the Mexican serVicc, 、vas、Vith Walker[sghting in Centrθ l AmeFica]-for which he was outlawed by his government-[andl at the Crimea Ias an oⅢcer in the French armyl'’ 2Though this account is neither stricdy chronologiˉ 黜u:∶iel;1Jllζs1F∴Ⅰ:眈。氵:Tλ把u∶∶:瑟 指】f飞 :;l;tr ” broker, but he found it too dull and saned ohce m。 劣l罚 硭EJ茁嘿T絷搬fs丐谳谳跻苷 re for China, 泔ζf瑟辈 了f兜洳屮盛砦烈窟玑挲aF牦#蓠rt摞 called themselves:ΓaiPings。 These leaders had developed their Po、 ver in the southern Prov¨ 招 滞 以 :瑟 f怒 考 嬲 帮 拉 曜 r#丸 提谔$掇 north,gatheFing hundreds of thousands of recruits along the way,In 1853,after a series of shatteringˇ ictories,they seized the great city of Nanking and even threatened Peking itself,B CLOR10us DAYs OF LooT1NG 59 Atthe Jme J Ward’ s arovd h shangh西 they漩re涮l srm” 摞Ⅳa豆i忿t肿贯l糊9￡犭掇咫耜1挠毖l导 槭 he beheved,was to estabhsh the“ (1卩 a⒈P’ ing t’ 搬 ien-kuo)in China and bring his PeoPle back to know⒈ 谶邋鹦He卩venly Kingdom of Great Peacd’ 擀鹋搬瓒 edge of the true God, “Λ汀y hand n0、 v holds both in heaven and earth the Po、 ver to Punish and kⅡ l,” he wrote;“ to slay the depraved, and sPare the upright;to reheve the peoPle’ s distress,My eyes survey fro,n the North to the south beyond the rivers and mountains;my voice is heard from East to West, to the tracts of the sun and the moon,’’4∷ Hun吵 “ool,s followed him with fanatic时 byalty and were su卜 ject to iron disciPline.A。 the9advanced across the country a1l those who resisted were slaughⅡ red,those who s山 Ⅱendere-were sp犭 red, Hung飞 followers had to obey the actates。 f his reli妒 on,which were adaPted fr。 m the Ten Commandments.The sexes were segregated, oPium smdong、 vas forbidden,Land was shared and a11surPlus Paid into a common treasury, ChvⅡ service exaⅡ 1inadons were instituted, based,not on the Confucian canon,but on the new doctrines。 5 Western obsρrvers,initially fascinated by these rebels and sympaˉ thetic to theiF Christian asPira“ ons,felt it、 vould be no nlisfortune if the'ΓaiPings overthrew the Ch’ ing dynasty。 AB|tish Piotestant in 1853Pointed out four“ advantages which will accrue to China from success on the side of the insurgentζ dissemination of the scoPtures,iddatry would be sr” ` China would be opened to the ly Put down, oPium tra岱 c would be stopped,and‘ ‘China、vⅡl be fully oPened to our CoⅡunerce,our science,our curiosity,and al1the innuences of our civⅡ ization。 ’’O A Cathohc n1issionary, though snding the TaiPing rehgion‘‘a compilation of doctrinal rhaPsodies,rather than the adoPˉ tion of a rehgion transn】 itted by others/’ still saw the rebels ‘‘as avengers of their nationahty” and noted ‘‘that they treated me with