60 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 61 respect."7 And these sentiments were generally echoed at home. Indian's,"10 he must have seemed an odd-looking figure against a Marx and Engels in articles they sent to the New York Daily Chinese backdrop.He immediately set about finding employment. Tribune from London wrote,"In short,instead of moralizing on the His first post was as a mate on a Yangtze steamer serving local trade. horrible atrocities of the Chinese,as the chivalrous British Press does, When Taiping forces threatened Shanghai in the spring of 1860,he we had better recognize that this is a war pro aris et focis [for faith transferred to be "first officer of the American-built Gun-Boat 'Con- and hearth],a popular war for the maintenance of Chinese national- fucius,commanded by an Englishman named Gough.The steamer ity,with all its overbearing prejudice,stupidity,learned ignorance, was one of a considerable fleet of larger and smaller craft extem- and pedantic barbarism if you like,but yet a popular war." porized to meet the exigency by the business-men of Shanghai, Desperate to contain the Taipings,the Ch'ing dynasty reluctantly whose mouth-piece in dealing with the Imperial Government was condoned the development of regional armies.These armies were Taki,a native Banker of great prominence and wealth." controlled and led by powerful officials in central China;the soldiers Ward decided to exploit the situation.In May 1860 he ap were usually peasants,with strong local allegiances,owing loyalty proached Taki with the following proposal:why shouldn't the only to their own commanders.Unlike the regular Manchu forces, Shanghai merchants,whose lives and property were threatened,form they were well trained and even well paid as their commanders a privately financed anti-Taiping army under Ward's command? collected the traditional land taxes and instituted new taxes on com- After some consultation,Taki agreed to this novel and daring merce,bypassing the national government treasury.Simply to pre- scheme.The Chinese merchants contracted to pay Ward $100 a serve itself,the Ch'ing dynasty had had to delegate enormous powers month for each enlisted man,$600 a month for officers,and to pay a to these officials.Nor was this the only trouble confronting the lump sum for every town captured,on a sliding scale from $45,000 to Court;other rebellions broke out in the north and west of China; $133,000 according to the size of the town concerned.The merchants while at the same time the Western powers were brusquely demand. also agreed to furnish food for Ward's force and funds with which he ing first implementation and then expansion of the terms of the could buy arms. Treaty of Nanking.China's intransigence in this regard precipitated In the force itself,Ward planned to use Chinese only as guides the second Anglo-Chinese War in the late 1850's,and in 1860 after a and interpreters,raising his troops elsewhere.This decision was in British representative had been imprisoned and some of his entourage line with the feeling common among treaty-port Westerners that the killed,allied forces occupied Peking.On the orders of Lord Elgin, Chinese were cowardly and inferior beings.As one young English the great Summer Palace of the Manchus,parts of which had been officer in Hong Kong at this time observed:"I am afraid we bully designed in the eighteenth century by Jesuits,was burned to the them a good deal.If you are walking about and a Chinaman comes in ground;the Emperor fled.It seemed that the Ch'ing dynasty, your way,it is customary to knock his hat off,or dig him in the ribs wracked by domestic rebellions and invaded by the West,would with an umbrella.I thought it a shame,and remonstrated with the surely fall. fellow who was with me today for treating a poor beggar of a Stifled by an office in New York,Ward thankfully turned to this Chinaman in this way;but he assured me that if you make way for disputed China of 1859.It was just the place he had been seeking, them they swagger and come in your way purposely.The French one that offered enormous opportunities to a young adventurer.Only soldiers treat them even more roughly than we do."2 The result of twenty-seven years old,"quick,nervous and animated in his move. this attitude was that a Westerner considered any European to be ments,and his thick raven hair hanging over his shoulders like an superior in battle to ten or fifteen Chinese soldiers,a view common to勰 ∵ Ⅰd呵 g墅混 w掖 nWeΙ ′ n:er紫 挖 肚 赢 慨 ; Γ″b仍刀召from London wrote,“ In short,instead of【Ⅱorahzing on the horrible atrocities of the Chinese,as the chivalrous British Press does, we had better recogn弦 e that th、 `a咖 ar pro伢″sε疹foc讠 。[for faith and hearthl,a PoPulθ r、var for the maintenance of Chinese nationa⒈ ity,with all its overbeaong prejud沁 e,stuPidity,learned ignorance, and Pedantic barbarism if you like,but yet a poPular、 vai.”ρ DesPerate to contain the∶ ΓaiPings,the Ch’ ing dynasty reluctandy condonod the devdoPment of re妒 onal a亡mies,These arm始 s were Contro11ed and led by Powerful ofncials in central(3hina;the soldiers Ⅲ|丨:【∮{丨 t甘描l芽瞽:∶∶il{!丨l丨|丨丨:;∶ collected the traditional land taxes and insdtuted ne、 v taXes on coΠ ⒈ merce,-yPasζ ng the national government treasury。 simPly to Preˉ F猛罗盏蕊fh锞|I∶∶s%七哏a】扌r絷抚e焦肼湍W Court; other-ebellions bFoke out in the north and west of China; 〗l;丨 j扌 |i1坩 :卩:1拮.忄l弘rΙ&u∶T111tE甘玉 :屋T】生⒊出扌 one that ofered enormous oPPortunities to a young adventurer。 Only tu,entyˉ seven yeaFs old, ‘‘quick, nervous and ani【 nated in his moveˇ ments,and his th沁k raven h⒋ r han{:Iing ovcr ho shoulders hke an GLORIOus DAYs OF LooT【 NC 61 Indian’s/’ 10 he must have seemed an odd-looking sgure against a Chinese backdroP, He immediately set about ￡nding emPloyment, ⒈Iis εrst Post、vas as a mate on a Yangtze steamer serˇ ing local trade。 When Taiping forcos threatened shanghai in the spring of 1860,he transferred to be‘ ‘srst o隅 cer of the American乇 uilt Gun-Boot‘Con￾fuciuζ ,commanded by an Englishman named Gough,The steamer 、vas one of a considerable Reet of larger and smaller craft exteni Porized to meet the exigency by the business△ ηen of Shanghai, whosρ mo讧th¨ Pieco in dealing with the1mpooal Government was Taki,a native Banker of great Pron1inence and wealth,’ ’工1 Ward decided to exPloit the situation, In Λ汀ay 1860 he aPˉ Proached Taki 、vith the following proPosal: 、vhy shouldn’ t the Shanghai lη erchants,、 vhose lives and ProPerty were threatened,for:m a Privately ⒔nanced anti-TaiPing arlη y under Ward’s coⅡunand冫 After some consultation, Taki agreed to this novel and daring scheme,The Chin∝e merchants contracted to Pay Ward$100a month for each enlisted man,$600a month for oracers,apd to Pay a ;;∴ also agreed to furnish food for、 :〗;龇凭蠲::I11F旯 嗷 汛/ard’ f‰ s force and funds 毖嘿:,哏 Ⅵ :苷:∫Ⅰl:Ⅰ∶ `ith、 vhich he could buy arlns. In the force itssl鸟 Ward Planned to use Chinese only as guides and interPrete‘ ,raisin宫 his tr。 。ps elsewhere,This deosion was in line with the feeling common among treatyˉ Port westemers that the Chinese were cowardly and inferior bongs,As one young Enghsh 。fncer in H。 ng Kong at this-ime observed:“ I am ahaid we bully then1a good dea1,If you are walking about and a Chinaman co” es in your l1vay,it is customary to knock his hat ofF,or dig him in the ribs w油 呷 umb℃lla,I tllought h a shΔms and remonstrated with the fellow who was with me today fρ r treating a p∞ r beggar of a Chinaman in thk way;but he assured me that if you make way for them they swagger and come in your way Purposeˇ,The French soldiers treat thenl even m0re roughly than、 ve do,” 12冖Γhe result of this attitude Ⅵ7as that a Westerner considered any EuroPean to be suPerior in battle to ten or f【 fteen Chinese soldiers,a vieu,common to