《近代中国对外关系史 The History of Modern China's Foreign Relations》课程教学资源（阅读材料）To Change China

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56 TO CHANGE CHINA waterways,and faced a series of crises stemming from anti-Western outrages. In 1837,shortly after arriving in China,Parker had criticized the failures and shortcomings of his Jesuit predecessors:"Had pure Christianity been first introduced we have reason to believe the gospel of the dear Redeemer had been enjoyed not only in Japan but 激子激 extensively in China and throughout the Oriental world.But now an incalculable amount of prejudice and of downright enmity to the cross must be overcome before the people of the East will listen to the WARD and GORDON: message of the ambassador of heaven."It was a harsh judgment, Glorious Days of Looting and a badly oversimplified one.Like the Jesuits,Parker had to learn the hard way that in China even the most precisely calculated means did not necessarily lead to the desired ends.He,who had labored so long at medicine and language in order to make China"free through the Lord of Glory,"ended up enslaved by his own skills and incon- Not every Western adviser in China had a religious spur.There tinently angered by those he had meant to love. were also men who simply had a love of travel and excitement in their bones,adventurers who roamed the world to take what it would give.Such a man was Frederick Townsend Ward,born near the docks in Salem,Massachusetts,on November 29,1831. It was not an environment to encourage the contemplative life. "The wharves in Salem in those days,"a contemporary recalled, "were lined with ship chandlers'and sail-makers'shops,warehouses, and counting rooms,the sailmakers sitting cross-legged like Turks, sewing the sails with thimbles fastened into the middle of their palm, while the odor of tar and canvas pervaded the premises.The old wharf and sail lofts that fronted the street were favorite resorts of my childhood days and I was never so happy as when allowed to wander about on the old wharf fascinated in watching the loading and un- loading of ships that had rounded the point and come lumbering into port."1 As a child Ward was mischievous,and as an adolescent,restless. He tried unsuccessfully to get into the military academy at West Point,and then to run away from home to fight in the Mexican War. When he was only fifteen,his father gave up trying to restrain him

58 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 59 and let him ship out as a second mate on the clipper Hamilton, At the time of Ward's arrival in Shanghai they were still firmly captained by a relative and bound for China. entrenched in the Yangtze valley,and had routed all the Ch'ing Returning from China in the autumn of 1847,he entered a mili- forces sent against them.As rebels,they were a new phenomenon in tary school in Vermont,where he got whatever book knowledge of Chinese history,unlike the peasant rebel armies of the past.Their military tactics he was later to use.But money was short in his family leader,Hung Hsiu-ch'uan,had gleaned the elements of Christianity at that time,and he did not graduate.In 1849 he shipped out again, from a Protestant missionary pamphlet and had learned in a mystical this time as a first mate.From 1849 to 1858 he wandered the world vision that he was the younger brother of Jesus Christ.His mission, impatiently searching for wealth and adventure.As he later told the he believed,was to establish the"Heavenly Kingdom of Great Peace" American Minister to China,Anson Burlingame,he "went to sea (Tai-p'ing t'ien-kuo)in China and bring his people back to knowl- when a boy,became mate of a ship,and then was a Texas ranger, edge of the true God."My hand now holds both in heaven and Californian gold-miner,instructor in the Mexican service,was with earth the power to punish and kill,"he wrote;"to slay the depraved, Walker [fighting in Central America]-for which he was outlawed and spare the upright;to relieve the people's distress.My eyes survey by his government-[and]at the Crimea [as an officer in the from the North to the South beyond the rivers and mountains;my French army]."Though this account is neither strictly chronologi- voice is heard from East to West,to the tracts of the sun and the cal,nor probably accurate,it shows that Ward had few scruples moon."4 about the activities he undertook,or the causes in which he enlisted. Hung's troops followed him with fanatical loyalty and were sub- After ten years of wandering,Ward returned home to try a more ject to iron discipline.As they advanced across the country all those normal life.He took a job in his father's office in New York as a ship who resisted were slaughtered,those who surrendered were spared. broker,but he found it too dull and sailed once more for China, Hung's followers had to obey the dictates of his religion,which were reaching Shanghai in the fall of 1859.The China he happened upon adapted from the Ten Commandments.The sexes were segregated, was a country in chaos,ravaged by a great rebellion whose leaders opium smoking was forbidden.Land was shared and all surplus paid called themselves Taipings. into a common treasury.Civil service examinations were instituted, These leaders had developed their power in the southern prov- based,not on the Confucian canon,but on the new doctrines.5 inces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi in the late 1840's,drawing recruits Western observers,initially fascinated by these rebels and sympa- from Hakka and Miao minority groups,from secret societies,from thetic to their Christian aspirations,felt it would be no misfortune if pirates driven inland by British patrol vessels jealously guarding the the Taipings overthrew the Ch'ing dynasty.A British Protestant in new treaty ports,from impoverished miners and peasants,and from 1853 pointed out four "advantages which will accrue to China from the drifting population on the waterways,unemployed now that the success on the side of the insurgents":China would be opened to the focus of the opium trade had swung from Canton up to Shanghai dissemination of the scriptures,idolatry would be firmly put down, and the Yangtze valley.The apathy and ineffectualness of the local opium traffic would be stopped,and"China will be fully opened to Ch'ing officials had given the rebel band the opportunity to grow to our commerce,our science,our curiosity,and all the influences of our some thirty thousand men by 1850.Two years later the rebels struck civilization."A Catholic missionary,though finding the Taiping north,gathering hundreds of thousands of recruits along the way.In religion"a compilation of doctrinal rhapsodies,rather than the adop- 1853,after a series of shattering victories,they seized the great city of tion of a religion transmitted by others,"still saw the rebels "as Nanking and even threatened Peking itself.3 avengers of their nationality"and noted "that they treated me with

58 TO cHANGE CHINA and let him shiP out as a second mate on the chPPer H幺 o冫o讠 Ⅰ讠o,o, cgptained by a relative and bound for China, Returning from China in the autumn of1847,he entered a n`ihˉ tary school in 、′ermont,、Vhere he got whatever book knowledge of Π)ihtary tactics he1o,as later to use,But Fnoney was short in his family at that thne,and he did not graduate,In 1849he shiPPed out agβ in, this time as a srst mate.From1849to1858he wandered the world i:nPatient】 y searching for、vealth and adventure,As he later`told the American9√ Iinister to China,Anson Budingame,he“ went to sqa when0boy,became mate of a shiP,and then was a Texas ranger, Cahfornian goldˉ 【ninc△ instructor in the Mexican serVicc, 、vas、Vith Walker[sghting in Centrθ l AmeFica]-for which he was outlawed by his government-[andl at the Crimea Ias an oⅢcer in the French armyl'’ 2Though this account is neither stricdy chronologiˉ 黜u:∶iel;1Jllζs1F∴Ⅰ:眈。氵:Tλ把u∶∶:瑟指】f飞 :;l;tr ” broker, but he found it too dull and saned ohce m。劣l罚硭EJ茁嘿T絷搬fs丐谳谳跻苷 re for China, 泔ζf瑟辈了f兜洳屮盛砦烈窟玑挲aF牦#蓠rt摞 called themselves:ΓaiPings。 These leaders had developed their Po、 ver in the southern Prov¨ 招滞以 :瑟 f怒考嬲帮拉曜 r#丸提谔$掇 north,gatheFing hundreds of thousands of recruits along the way,In 1853,after a series of shatteringˇ ictories,they seized the great city of Nanking and even threatened Peking itself,B CLOR10us DAYs OF LooT1NG 59 Atthe Jme J Ward’ s arovd h shangh西 they漩re涮l srm” 摞Ⅳa豆i忿t肿贯l糊9￡犭掇咫耜1挠毖l导槭 he beheved,was to estabhsh the“ (1卩 a⒈P’ ing t’ 搬 ien-kuo)in China and bring his PeoPle back to know⒈ 谶邋鹦He卩venly Kingdom of Great Peacd’ 擀鹋搬瓒 edge of the true God, “Λ汀y hand n0、 v holds both in heaven and earth the Po、 ver to Punish and kⅡ l,” he wrote;“ to slay the depraved, and sPare the upright;to reheve the peoPle’ s distress,My eyes survey fro,n the North to the south beyond the rivers and mountains;my voice is heard from East to West, to the tracts of the sun and the moon,’’4∷ Hun吵 “ool,s followed him with fanatic时 byalty and were su卜 ject to iron disciPline.A。 the9advanced across the country a1l those who resisted were slaughⅡ red,those who s山 Ⅱendere-were sp犭 red, Hung飞 followers had to obey the actates。 f his reli妒 on,which were adaPted fr。 m the Ten Commandments.The sexes were segregated, oPium smdong、 vas forbidden,Land was shared and a11surPlus Paid into a common treasury, ChvⅡ service exaⅡ 1inadons were instituted, based,not on the Confucian canon,but on the new doctrines。 5 Western obsρrvers,initially fascinated by these rebels and sympaˉ thetic to theiF Christian asPira“ ons,felt it、 vould be no nlisfortune if the'ΓaiPings overthrew the Ch’ ing dynasty。 AB|tish Piotestant in 1853Pointed out four“ advantages which will accrue to China from success on the side of the insurgentζ dissemination of the scoPtures,iddatry would be sr” ` China would be opened to the ly Put down, oPium tra岱 c would be stopped,and‘ ‘China、vⅡl be fully oPened to our CoⅡunerce,our science,our curiosity,and al1the innuences of our civⅡ ization。 ’’O A Cathohc n1issionary, though snding the TaiPing rehgion‘‘a compilation of doctrinal rhaPsodies,rather than the adoPˉ tion of a rehgion transn】 itted by others/’ still saw the rebels ‘‘as avengers of their nationahty” and noted ‘‘that they treated me with

60 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 61 respect."7 And these sentiments were generally echoed at home. Indian's,"10 he must have seemed an odd-looking figure against a Marx and Engels in articles they sent to the New York Daily Chinese backdrop.He immediately set about finding employment. Tribune from London wrote,"In short,instead of moralizing on the His first post was as a mate on a Yangtze steamer serving local trade. horrible atrocities of the Chinese,as the chivalrous British Press does, When Taiping forces threatened Shanghai in the spring of 1860,he we had better recognize that this is a war pro aris et focis [for faith transferred to be "first officer of the American-built Gun-Boat 'Con- and hearth],a popular war for the maintenance of Chinese national- fucius,commanded by an Englishman named Gough.The steamer ity,with all its overbearing prejudice,stupidity,learned ignorance, was one of a considerable fleet of larger and smaller craft extem- and pedantic barbarism if you like,but yet a popular war." porized to meet the exigency by the business-men of Shanghai, Desperate to contain the Taipings,the Ch'ing dynasty reluctantly whose mouth-piece in dealing with the Imperial Government was condoned the development of regional armies.These armies were Taki,a native Banker of great prominence and wealth." controlled and led by powerful officials in central China;the soldiers Ward decided to exploit the situation.In May 1860 he ap were usually peasants,with strong local allegiances,owing loyalty proached Taki with the following proposal:why shouldn't the only to their own commanders.Unlike the regular Manchu forces, Shanghai merchants,whose lives and property were threatened,form they were well trained and even well paid as their commanders a privately financed anti-Taiping army under Ward's command? collected the traditional land taxes and instituted new taxes on com- After some consultation,Taki agreed to this novel and daring merce,bypassing the national government treasury.Simply to pre- scheme.The Chinese merchants contracted to pay Ward $100 a serve itself,the Ch'ing dynasty had had to delegate enormous powers month for each enlisted man,$600 a month for officers,and to pay a to these officials.Nor was this the only trouble confronting the lump sum for every town captured,on a sliding scale from $45,000 to Court;other rebellions broke out in the north and west of China; $133,000 according to the size of the town concerned.The merchants while at the same time the Western powers were brusquely demand. also agreed to furnish food for Ward's force and funds with which he ing first implementation and then expansion of the terms of the could buy arms. Treaty of Nanking.China's intransigence in this regard precipitated In the force itself,Ward planned to use Chinese only as guides the second Anglo-Chinese War in the late 1850's,and in 1860 after a and interpreters,raising his troops elsewhere.This decision was in British representative had been imprisoned and some of his entourage line with the feeling common among treaty-port Westerners that the killed,allied forces occupied Peking.On the orders of Lord Elgin, Chinese were cowardly and inferior beings.As one young English the great Summer Palace of the Manchus,parts of which had been officer in Hong Kong at this time observed:"I am afraid we bully designed in the eighteenth century by Jesuits,was burned to the them a good deal.If you are walking about and a Chinaman comes in ground;the Emperor fled.It seemed that the Ch'ing dynasty, your way,it is customary to knock his hat off,or dig him in the ribs wracked by domestic rebellions and invaded by the West,would with an umbrella.I thought it a shame,and remonstrated with the surely fall. fellow who was with me today for treating a poor beggar of a Stifled by an office in New York,Ward thankfully turned to this Chinaman in this way;but he assured me that if you make way for disputed China of 1859.It was just the place he had been seeking, them they swagger and come in your way purposely.The French one that offered enormous opportunities to a young adventurer.Only soldiers treat them even more roughly than we do."2 The result of twenty-seven years old,"quick,nervous and animated in his move. this attitude was that a Westerner considered any European to be ments,and his thick raven hair hanging over his shoulders like an superior in battle to ten or fifteen Chinese soldiers,a view common to

勰 ∵ Ⅰd呵 g墅混 w掖 nWeΙ ′ n:er紫挖肚赢慨 ; Γ″b仍刀召from London wrote,“ In short,instead of【Ⅱorahzing on the horrible atrocities of the Chinese,as the chivalrous British Press does, we had better recogn弦 e that th、 `a咖 ar pro伢″sε疹foc讠。[for faith and hearthl,a PoPulθ r、var for the maintenance of Chinese nationa⒈ ity,with all its overbeaong prejud沁 e,stuPidity,learned ignorance, and Pedantic barbarism if you like,but yet a poPular、 vai.”ρ DesPerate to contain the∶ ΓaiPings,the Ch’ ing dynasty reluctandy condonod the devdoPment of re妒 onal a亡mies,These arm始 s were Contro11ed and led by Powerful ofncials in central(3hina;the soldiers Ⅲ|丨:【∮{丨 t甘描l芽瞽:∶∶il{!丨l丨|丨丨:;∶ collected the traditional land taxes and insdtuted ne、 v taXes on coΠ ⒈ merce,-yPasζ ng the national government treasury。 simPly to Preˉ F猛罗盏蕊fh锞|I∶∶s%七哏a】扌r絷抚e焦肼湍W Court; other-ebellions bFoke out in the north and west of China; 〗l;丨 j扌 |i1坩 :卩:1拮.忄l弘rΙ&u∶T111tE甘玉 :屋T】生⒊出扌 one that ofered enormous oPPortunities to a young adventurer。 Only tu,entyˉ seven yeaFs old, ‘‘quick, nervous and ani【 nated in his moveˇ ments,and his th沁k raven h⒋ r han{:Iing ovcr ho shoulders hke an GLORIOus DAYs OF LooT【 NC 61 Indian’s/’ 10 he must have seemed an odd-looking sgure against a Chinese backdroP, He immediately set about ￡nding emPloyment, ⒈Iis εrst Post、vas as a mate on a Yangtze steamer serˇ ing local trade。 When Taiping forcos threatened shanghai in the spring of 1860,he transferred to be‘ ‘srst o隅 cer of the American乇 uilt Gun-Boot‘Confuciuζ ,commanded by an Englishman named Gough,The steamer 、vas one of a considerable Reet of larger and smaller craft exteni Porized to meet the exigency by the business△ ηen of Shanghai, whosρ mo讧th¨ Pieco in dealing with the1mpooal Government was Taki,a native Banker of great Pron1inence and wealth,’ ’工1 Ward decided to exPloit the situation, In Λ汀ay 1860 he aPˉ Proached Taki 、vith the following proPosal: 、vhy shouldn’ t the Shanghai lη erchants,、 vhose lives and ProPerty were threatened,for:m a Privately ⒔nanced anti-TaiPing arlη y under Ward’s coⅡunand冫 After some consultation, Taki agreed to this novel and daring scheme,The Chin∝e merchants contracted to Pay Ward$100a month for each enlisted man,$600a month for oracers,apd to Pay a ;;∴ also agreed to furnish food for、 :〗;龇凭蠲::I11F旯嗷汛/ard’ f‰ s force and funds 毖嘿:,哏 Ⅵ :苷:∫Ⅰl:Ⅰ∶ `ith、 vhich he could buy arlns. In the force itssl鸟 Ward Planned to use Chinese only as guides and interPrete‘ ,raisin宫 his tr。。ps elsewhere,This deosion was in line with the feeling common among treatyˉ Port westemers that the Chinese were cowardly and inferior bongs,As one young Enghsh 。fncer in H。 ng Kong at this-ime observed:“ I am ahaid we bully then1a good dea1,If you are walking about and a Chinaman co” es in your l1vay,it is customary to knock his hat ofF,or dig him in the ribs w油呷 umb℃lla,I tllought h a shΔms and remonstrated with the fellow who was with me today fρ r treating a p∞ r beggar of a Chinaman in thk way;but he assured me that if you make way for them they swagger and come in your way Purposeˇ,The French soldiers treat thenl even m0re roughly than、 ve do,” 12冖Γhe result of this attitude Ⅵ7as that a Westerner considered any EuroPean to be suPerior in battle to ten or f【 fteen Chinese soldiers,a vieu,common to

62 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 63 Westerners even in the present century.Ward would learn his lesson led by another European mercenary,an ex-British first lieutenant much sooner. named Savage.Ward's force was mauled in two assaults,and he Having chosen two lieutenants,Edward Forrester (who had been himself was badly wounded.He lost his artillery,his gunboats and with Ward in Central America)and Henry Andrea Burgevine (a his entire provision train.It was the worst defeat of his career in Southerner who,like Ward himself,had arrived in China as the first China,and when he returned to Shanghai to rebuild his army,he mate on a clipper ship),Ward began to comb the Shanghai water- was met with hostility and scorn.The Shanghai North China front for recruits.In those days,as many as three hundred ships Herald commented in August 1860:"The first and best item...is could be found anchored in the harbor;so it was not a difficult matter the utter defeat of Ward and his men before Tsingpu.This notorious to induce layover sailors and navy deserters into joining a high-paying man has been brought down to Shanghai,not,as was hoped,dead, military adventure.Having given three weeks'training to a motley but severely wounded in the mouth,one side and one leg....He force of about two hundred men,Ward decided to attack Sungkiang, managed to drag his carcass out of danger,but several of his a walled town held by the Taiping forces,about thirty miles south- valourous blacks were killed or wounded....It seems astonishing west of Shanghai.With no artillery to breach the walls,he counted that Ward should be allowed to remain unpunished,and yet not a on surprise to bring him victory.But,as Ward was to recount later, hint is given that any measures will be taken against him."14 his men,by drinking all night,had raised"such a hell of a noise,"that It seemed that Ward's China career was finished.Taki was unwill- the Taipings were more than ready for them.Ward was forced to ing to support him further.The commander of the British naval retreat with heavy losses and pay off his force.His first attempt to forces,Admiral James Hope,was furious that Ward had encouraged form his own army in China had ended in fiasco.13 his sailors to desert.The foreign community in Shanghai was openly Undaunted,he returned immediately to Shanghai and,despite contemptuous.Ward was still without an army and recovering from the ridicule of the foreign community,began recruiting a new force, his wounds when,on May 19,1861,he was arrested by Admiral this time on a more rational basis.First he accepted the service of Hope for having defied the Allied declaration of neutrality in the Vincente Macanaya,a young Filipino soldier of fortune with a great civil war.At his court hearing,Ward insisted he was a naturalized following among the Manilamen on the docks of Shanghai.Maca- naya was able to bring with him about two hundred of his followers. subject of the Ch'ing government,but this claim was untrue and Hope ignored it,imprisoning him on board his ship the Chesapeake. To these Ward added half a dozen Western drillmasters (mostly In June 1861,the North China Herald noted:"[Ward's]force is deserters from the British navy)and a small amount of artillery.By now disbanded.Some have probably suffered capital punishment at the middle of July 1860,he was back in front of the walls of the hands of the Chinese,some have fallen in action,some are Sungkiang.With the help of accurate artillery fire,and after fierce expiating their offences against our laws in common jails,and some hand-to-hand fighting with the Taiping troops,the city was taken. few have escaped it is hoped with sufficient examples before them The reward money for the capture of Sungkiang and the possibil- never to again engage in such an illegitimate mode of earning a ity of future looting drew more recruits from the Shanghai water- livelihood as enrolling themselves in such disreputable ranks as those front.With his newly bolstered force and his newly bolstered con- of a Chinese Foreign Legion. fidence,Ward decided to attack Tsingpu,a larger city in Taiping Yet the self-righteous hostility of most Westerners in China hands.But he had overestimated the abilities of his troops.At toward Ward hardly reflected the realities of their position.For,like Tsingpu he found a well-armed Taiping force behind strong walls, Ward,the Western powers were"adventurers."They had arrived by

62 TO cHANGE CH1NA ll/esterners even in the Present century,、氵1严 ard访ould learn his lesson much sooner, Jw鞯{s邕扼∫器:∶强;’ 驷酞⒎苜艮fl甘1∶安π∶∶ e嚣 Southerncr xl`ho,like、01⒎ ard hin1self,had arrived in China as the flrst 茁Nr℃摺:絮咄芒%拧嗫 nJ∶ J∶:投f℃絮d黥 could be found anchored in the harbor;so it xx冫 as nota dⅡ⒔Cult matter 蹒擀 lWl蚶饭拊脶苕槭即:挠雠:丨 l∶∶讠⒏掐嘿暴搬:;sf;c:i∶ nghεⅡ and,des口 ∞ 抵1帑以袋p焦f昱哏;y‰扌秽愚J岁哏甜括曝嫩槲槲躏￡dence, Ward decided to attack Tsingpu, a largor oity in TaiPing hands. But he had overestimated the abilities of his trooPs· At Tsingpu he found a well⒓ rmed T加 Ping force behind strong walls, CLOR10us DAYs OF LooT1NC 63 led by ρnother EuroP0an mercenary, an exˉ British srst he。tenant named savage,、Vards force was mauled in two assaults,and he 扛F罗:茗:∶ 窍;刂括J潸;i;:F挠 ‰扌刂招橡‰r皙邕Ft 豳 the utter defeat of Ward and his Fnen before Tsingpu.This notorious 摊抻槭搦:芤蝴榭tjr御馋 man has been brought do、 vn to Shanghai,not,as was hoPed,dead, but sevcrely、vounded in the mouth,one side and one leg, 。 , , He managed to drag his carcass out of danget, but several of his valourous blacks were kⅢ ed or wounded,… ,It seems asto“s“n。 that Ward should be aⅡ owed to remain unPunished,and yet not a hintis given that any measures、 vⅡl be taken against him.” 14 Itseemed that Ward`China career was snished,Tab was unwillˉ ing to support him further。 The commander of the British naval forces,Admiral James HoPe,was furious that、 Vard had encouraged his sailo‘ to desert,The foreign communi哕 in shangho was oPenly contemPtuous· Ward was stⅡ l without an army犭 nd recoveⅡ ng from his wounds when,on May19,I861,he was arrested by Admiral Hρpe for ha访ng desed the Allied declaraton of neutrality in the c玉 vⅡ 、var。 At his court hearing, Ward insisted he was a naturalized subject of the Ch’ hg government,but this claim was untrue and HρPe ignored it,imPrisoning him on board his shiP the c‰ εs伢 `ε ‘,1kε ∶ In June1861,the Nor屁 C‰饣伢Hε `伢 Jd noted:“ [Ward创 force k no、v disbanded,some have Probably suσ ered caPital Punishment at the hands of the Chinese, some haVe fallen in action, some are exu狂ing their ofFences ag缸nst our laws in comluon弘ils,and some fe访 have escaPed it is hoped with su路 cient examPles before them neVer to again engage in such an Ⅱlegithnate 甲ode ρf earning a hvehhood as eFrolling themselves in such disrePutable ranks as those of a Chinesc Foreign Legion,” r° Yet the oel⒈ righteous hostility of mo班 Westerners in China toward Ward hardly regected the reali-ies of their Posidon.For,like Ward,the V1/estern Po、 vers、vere‘‘adventurers,” They had arrived by

64 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 65 sea and settled,by means of guile and coercion,onto the Chinese Ch'ing,in turn,began unwillingly to cooperate."It is just that there coast.Moreover,their diplomatic and military representatives had is a danger (fear)that if we do not make them our allies they may be great freedom of action since it took so long for them to request or used by the rebels.The harm in that would be incalculable,"said receive instructions from their home governments.Often they were Prince Kung,new chief minister of the central government.17 out to get what they could for themselves or their own countries by But in May 1861,Ward,under arrest in a cabin on the Chesa- any means possible,and accordingly their loyalties went not to the peake,had yet to feel the effects of this change in policy.Contriving Ch'ing dynasty but to whatever groups in China best promised to to escape dramatically-leaping at night through a porthole,and forward their interests.The constant friction inherent in this situa- being whisked away by a waiting junk to cries of"man overboard"- tion had led twice in thirty years to open warfare with the Chinese his only recourse was to hide out with the remnants of his Sung government.From their point of view the Ch'ing had"paid"them kiang garrison.Later that summer Admiral Hope,now of a different well enough,but they would have been willing to support the mind,having visited the Taipings in person in an unsuccessful Taipings,had the Taipings offered them greater benefits.In addition, attempt to obtain a guarantee for the security of Shanghai,invited early missionary accounts of the Taiping's "Christianity,"had im- Ward and his lieutenants to a conference on board the Chesapeake, pressed most Westerners,and positive reports of their discipline and assuring them of safe conduct.At this conference,Ward offered the order (order being one thing congenial to trade)had also infuenced admiral a new plan.In his escapades he had learned from the Western public opinion. Taipings themselves that Chinese soldiers,well armed,well trained, The Westerners were further encouraged when a new Taiping and well led,made fierce fighters.Thus "he abandoned the enlist- leader,Hung Jen-kan,came to the forefront in 1859.Hung Jen-kan ment of deserters and turned his attention to recruiting a native force tried to bring the Taiping religion closer to conventional Protestant to be commanded by European officers and patiently drilled in the tenets and to reestablish contact with the Western powers.He drew European School of Arms."This was a revolutionary,and to Western- up an ambitious program of "modernization,"planning to introduce ers in Shanghai a laughable,project.In return,the admiral "winked railroads,post offices,banks and insurance to the rebel-held areas. at the fact that there were still a number of British deserters But Hung Jen-kan lost out in a power struggle among rebel leaders, employed as drillmasters at Sungkiang,"where Forrester and Burge and in 1860 fresh Taiping forces began to approach and menace vine had held together a nucleus of the old force during Ward's Shanghai,spreading chaos in the surrounding areas and prohibiting imprisonment.18 trade in opium.Western opinion began slowly to undergo a change. Ward worked fast and efficiently with his new Chinese recruits, This change was indirectly linked to the successful ratification of the who were mostly local Kiangsu men."After a little training they Treaty of Tientsin in 1860,which gave the Western powers the right learned their drill thoroughly,became fairly good marksmen and to open new treaty ports and to trade along the Yangtze River (much knew how to handle and care for their English muskets and Prussian of which was controlled by the Taipings).With these new rights, rifles.Commands were given in English.The Chinese readily learned Westerners began to feel that it was,in fact,the Taipings who were these commands,and the bugle calls.Artillery practice baffled them delaying the Western advance and endangering Western economic at first,but after some instruction they made rapid progress in it and interests in Shanghai.The stated Western policy of"neutrality"in before they were ready to take the field many of them had become the Chinese civil war came slowly and fitfully to be an active "neu- expert gunners....The whole force was well-clad and well- trality"in favor of a quiescent China under the Ch'ing dynasty.The equipped.It wore a uniform something like that of the Zouaves or

64 TO cHANcE CH【 NA sea and setded, by means of guⅡ e and coρ rcion, onto the Chinese coast, Moreover, their diPlomatic and n1ihtary representatives had great freedon1of action since it took so long for then1to request oi receive instructions fron】 their home governments, often they、vere out to get、 vhat they could for themselves or their own countries by any means Possible,and accordingly their loyalties、 vent not to the Ch’ing dynasty bu!to whatever grouPs in China best oro” i∞d to for、vard their interests。 The constant friction inherent in this situaˉ 搬圩爿万留茹⒒岁⒒万T抚T∶le吧扌渑钳雀iP∷嚣、i`e1l enough, but they would have been wⅡ hng to suPport the TaiPings,had the″ ΓaiPings ofered thenl greater benests,In addition, early misoiopary accounts of the TaiPing’ s“Christianity/’ had in卩ˉ Pressed most Westerners,and positive rePorts of their disciphne and order(order be,ng one:hing congenial to伫 rade)had also inRuenced Western Pubhc oPinion, The Westerners were further encouraged When a ne、 v Taiping leader,Hung Je艹 kan,came to the forefront h1859,Hung Je艹 kan tried to b。ng the TaiPing rehgiop closer to conventional PFOtestant tenets and to reestabhsh contact、 vith the Western po、 vers, He dre、 v uP an ambitious Program of‘ 、nodernization`’ Planning to introduce raⅡ roads, Post omces,banks and insurance to the rebe⒈ held areas,Ⅰ 0、 But Hung Jenˉkan lost out in a Power struggle among rebd leaders, and in 1860 fresh Taiping foFces began to aDProach and menace shanghai,sPFeading chaos in the surrounding a亡 eas and Prohibiting 慨 of whkh was controlled by the TaiPings),、 VVesterners begah to feel that it was,in fac:,the'Γ 嬲黝l槲槲Vith these new rights, 鹦 aiPings who wero 鞲 delaying the Western advance and ehdangering Westε rn econoΠ iic interests in Shanghai,The s仕 ated Western Pohcy of“ neutrahty” in the Chinese civn war came slowly and stfully to be杏 n βctive‘ ‘neutrality” in favor of a quiescent China under tho Ch’ ing dynasty,The CLORI0us DAYs OF LooTINC 65 Ch1n⒏ in tum,began unw山 ndy∞ ∞operatc。 △t is just tha"hem `r1∶ 阝⒎f锶〕∶∴钒:椋焦∵烈 k喂甜泔烈扌∷讠;夺严:括 P|:Ⅰ 智佯L;eI奋 ::∶ s;氵:扌f::∶∫皙;呈:呷 Ft黥哏c拓m= 笸辍龇鞯韫1I甙搬热恙茹堪洋潲Ⅵ俏露萝扌r扌Ξ阝F扌搀睽黼荃 t硷i鞴艹筷熟撇拂嬲 eFs in Shangh甜舜盏獬 a laughable,Pr叻栉鞯:蹦eα,In return,the ad“ 撇 kal“ 燃 winked at the%ct that there wcre still a number of Brit、 h deserters 揪l琚 impHsonment。疏扩丑8摞浓:Fy招砦胪诏皙F器r栋猡挠镦 Ward worked fast and emoently with his,ow Chinese recruit蜕 who were mostly local Ki。 ngsu men,“ After a little traihing they learned their drⅡ l thoroughly, became f仓 irly good marksmen and kne、v how to handle岔 nd care for thcir English muskets and Prussian riHes,Commands were妒 ven in English。 The C"nese rea由ly learned these commands,and the bugle salls,Artillery Practice bamed tbem at srst,but after some instruction they made raPid Progress in it and before they u,ere ready to take the seld many of them had bec° me exPert gunners,,,。 The whde force was 切dl℃】ad and wel⒈ equⅡped。 It wore a u“ form something hke that of the zouaves or

66 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 67 the British Sikhs."The most promising of the Chinese soldiers was within this zone that Ward's trained Chinese force,later named were made noncommissioned officers.The Manilamen were brought the "Ever-Victorious Army"by the Chinese government,did its fight up to their former strength,and Ward used them as his personal ing,normally as an auxiliary to British,French and Ch'ing troops. bodyguard.In the autumn the new army won its first victories. Ward proved a brave and effective leader of men within the limits Admiral Hope was so impressed that he agreed to keep Ward sup- of his opportunities.The governor of Kiangsu,Li Hung-chang,wrote plied with arms,artillery and ammunition.By winter 1861 Ward had that "Ward who valiantly defends [Sungkiang]and [Tsingpu],is a force of about three thousand men under his command,with indeed the most vigorous of all [the foreigners].Although until now adequate artillery,steamers for transport,and the active support of he has not yet shaved his hair or called at my humble residence,I the British authorities in the area. have no time to quarrel with foreigners over such a little ceremonial His former Shanghai critics were now all behind him."The matter,"22 Whilom rowdie companion of ci-devant General Walker,of Nica- Ward affected an extreme casualness in action.He "wore,in his raguan memory,"a Western supporter of the Taipings wrote sar- brief military life,no uniform or insignia of rank,the European dress castically,"mercenary leader of a band of Anglo-Saxon freebooters in to which he adhered in battle sufficiently distinguishing him from his Manchoo pay,and sometime fugitive from English marines sent to men,and he was almost always seen either in the close-fitting English weed his ruffians of their countrymen,suddenly became the friend frock-coat which came in with Prince Albert,or in the loose,blue and ally of the British and French Admirals,Generals,and Consuls. serge tunic much worn by residents of the tropics."He always stood The surprise of Ward can only have been equalled by his gratifica- out in battle and,as one observer recalled,"I never saw Ward with a tion upon finding his very questionable presence,and still more sword or any arm;he wore ordinary clothes,-a thick,short cape, doubtful pursuits,patronized and imitated.No doubt,at first he felt and a hood,and carried a stick in his hand,and generally a Manila considerably elated and vastly astonished at the idea of filibustering cheroot in his mouth."28 The use of this "stick"(actually a riding having become such an honorable and recognized profession."2 crop)and his own bravery nourished among his men a feeling of his In December 1861 the Taipings captured the treaty port of invincibility,despite the several wounds he had received. Ningpo,and Admiral Hope decided to take strong action.He visited Moreover,in spite of the thinness of his military training,Ward the rebel capital of Nanking,and demanded guarantees that other understood the kind of tactics that were needed in the fighting treaty ports would not be attacked.Since he,in turn,refused to give around Shanghai.This area was a particularly difficult one.As a any guarantees that the Manchus might not use the treaty ports as contemporary British journalist described the situation: military bases,the Taipings rejected his demands.In January 1862 they advanced again on Shanghai,with the apparent intention of It is simply impossible to seize the cunning,cruel cowards cutting off supplies and stirring up a rising inside the city.Admiral [the Taipings],in the labyrinthine lanes of the Delta.All Hope ordered British and French forces to cooperate with Ward's around they have spies on our movements,and know,as well as army,and some Ch'ing troops,in clearing a thirty-mile zone around we do what these are,so they are comparatively safe in continu- Shanghai.To justify his total abandonment of the British "neutral- ing their incendiary tactics within a few hundred yards of our ity"policy,Hope declared that "these Rebels are Revolters not only column;then off they escape through ditches and across fields, against the Emperor,but against all laws human and Divine,and it where it is impossible to get at them.This the rascals are seems quite right to keep them away from the Treaty Ports."21 It perfectly aware of,especially if pursued by foreign soldiers

括A搜只l变‖i⒊∶J‰罴T砦0。h:∶∶℃∶∶∶∶兕瑟: adequ占谄 artillery,steamers for transport,and the acthe suPport of the BrIt】 sh author1t1es1n the area, w就J1】IJ;jf毖嗲⒒∶∶ “ 扌、o说混苈饯思a冫书:#【Ι∫1磊& 槲 and allⅤ of the British and French Adn】辙冁麒磔irals,Generals,and Consuls, 槲轴亟 GLOR10Us DAYs OF Lo0T1NC 67 was within this zone that、 Vard’s tr西 ned Chinese force,later named the“Eve⒈Victorious Army” by the Chinese governmeht,did i“ ￡gh← ing,normally as an auxⅡ iary to BJtish,French and Ch’ ing trooPs. Ward Proved a brave and efec“ v0leader of men lvithin thρ lhnits of his oPPortunitios,The governor of Kiangsu,Li Hungˉ chang,、 viote that ‘‘Ward who vahandy defends !sungkiangl and ['Γ singPu], is 亻翟枉苜1【l犭J;`F1生骰f社:扌喙e孟 have no thne to quarrel Ⅵ7ith foreigηers over such a litde ceremonial }滥默蒜罗 matter,” 22 Ward afFected an extreme casualness in action, I1e “、vore, ih his b“ef miⅡtary lif。 ,no unifonη or insignia of rank,the European dress t0、vhich he adhered in batde sumciendy distinguishing hi【 n from his men,and he was ahnost always seen either in the close-stting Eng⒈ sh frock℃ oat which came in with Prince Albert,or in the looζ e,blue serge tunic much worn by residents of the troPics· ”He al、vays stood out in batde and,as one observer recalled,“ I nevei saw Ward、vith a sword or any arm;he wore ordinary c】 othes,-a thick,shoFt caPe, and a hood,and carried a stick in his hand,and generally a ManⅡ a cheroot in his mouth.’ ’2: The use of this ‘飞tick” (actua11y a riding Frop)and his o、 vh bravery nourished among his nlen a feehng of his invincibility,despite the several wounds he had received, Moreover,in spite of the thinne§s of his nⅡ htary training, Ward understood the kind of tactics that 、vere nqeded in the sghting around sh容 nghai, tΓhis area was a Particularly di‘ Ecult one, As a contemporary British journali欲 descr此ed the⒍ tuaton∶ It is shnPly impossible t° seize the cunning,cruel cOwards Ithe Taiungs],in the labyrinthine lanes of the Delta,All around they have s,es on our m。 vements,and know,as well as Ll,e do、vhat these are,so1hey are comParadvely safe in continuˉ ing their incendiary tac0cs、 Vithin a fe、 v hundred yards of our column;then of thqy escape through ditches and across selds, 、vheFe it is hnPossible to get at them。 ∶Γhis the rascals are perfectly aware of,espρ cially if pursued by foreign solaers

68 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 69 encumbered with their heavy equipment.Hunting grasshop- marines and Chinese detached to cut them off did considerable pers in a hay-field with fox-hounds would be a more sensible execution,some 900 or 1,000 having been killed and wounded.... occupation than sending soldiers about a country intersected by After all was over,the village was set on fire,and the foreign troops a network of creeks,in the expectancy of catching swift-footed embarked for Shanghai."A reporter for the China Mail lyrically and slippery-skinned Tai-pings. recounted another attack:"The scene was now most picturesque.A shell had set fire to part of the city close at hand;the early morning Ward made every attempt to acquire steamships and pontoons to sun was shining pleasantly upon the fields,rich with ungathered give his troops mobility along,and control of,the waterways.In crops,and the French band played as the troops scaled the walls." addition,through careful training of his Chinese troops and the Ward and his men,despite official recognition of their role,re- judicious use of as much artillery as he could get his hands on,he mained an independent band of adventurers out for plunder.Plunder tried to minimize these disadvantages.It was this use of the gunboat also was the preoccupation of both the regular British and French and artillery which Ward's successor Gordon was to pick up and troops as well as the troops of the Ch'ing armies.One newspaper, employ to such effect. reporting on the aftermath of an allied expedition to which Ward's The war itself was fought with great cruelty,savagery,and cal- Ever-Victorious Army was attached,stated: lousness on both sides.Ward's lieutenant,Edward Forrester,recalled the moment when Tsingpu was lost to the Taipings and he was As the houses were ransacked,great quantities of valuable captured:"I suddenly realized that the insurgents were in possession jewels,gold,silver,dollars,and costly dresses were found, and were making quick work of my people.Borne aloft over their which was fair loot to the officers and men.One blue-jacket front ranks were the heads of my officers fixed on spears...The found 1,600 dollars,and several soldiers upwards of 500 each, rebels were showing no quarter and were fighting like demons.In an while many picked up gold bangles,earrings,and other orna- incredibly short time my men were entirely annihilated."The city ments and pearls set with precious stones.It was a glorious day was retaken by government forces,he added,and Li Hung-chang, of looting for everybody,and we hear that one party,who "when told that there were a great number of high rebel officials discovered the Ti-ping treasury chest with several thousand among the prisoners,expressed much satisfaction at their capture.He dollars in it,after loading himself to his heart's content,was sent the mayor of Sung-Kiang to me the next day with full authority obliged to give some of them away to lighten his pockets,which 'to cut,kill or take away those captured.'The scene that followed were heavier than he could well bear-a marked case of surpasses description.So many hundreds were beheaded that the I'embarras des richesses.The rebel stud of ponies was well streets again ran with blood;but even the European officers in my supplied also,and many of the soldiers rode back with their command agreed that the measure was necessary in dealing with such booty.29 fanatics."26 A British report of one battle states that "the rebels ran from the Ward was doing well out of the war,but he could see that his fortifications and came to a stand in the main street....Upon this, position with the foreign community-which had tried to run him the field-piece from the "Imperieuse,"in charge of Lieutenants out of town only one year before-was tenuous.Accordingly he Stuart and Richardson,swept them down with grape and canister moved with great skill to consolidate his position with the Chinese. shot;after this their retreat became a Aight,when the party of In February 1862 the governor of Kiangsu reported that"Ward has

68 TO CHANGE CH【 N^ enCun】bered 、vith their heavy equipmcnt, FIunting grasshopˉ Pers in β hayˉseld、 `冫 ith foxˉ hounds、^9ould bc a n1ore sensible occuPation than sending soldiers about a country intersected by a net、vork of creeks,in the exPectancy of catching sⅥ `ift-footed and shPperyˉ skinnqd Taiˉ Pings· ⒓刂 Ward made e1ery attemPt to acquire stoamshiPs and Pontoohs to give his trooPs mobⅡ ity along, and control 0f, the 、vater、vays, In addition? through careful training of his Chinese troops and the judicious use of as much artillery as he could get hos hands。n,he tried tO1ni?hη ize these disadvantages,It was this use of the gunboat and artillery u,hich Ward’ s successor Gordon was to Pick up and employ to such efFect, The war itself was fought with great cruelty,savagery,and callousness on both sides.、17ard’s lieutenant,Ed、vard Forrester,recalled the moment when TsingPu was lost to the T茄 pings and he was caPtured: ‘1suddenly reahzed that the insurgents were in Possession and Ⅵ`0re making quick、 vork of my people, Borne aloft over their front ranks、vere the heads of my oflceis sxed on spears。 , , ,The rebels u,ere showing no quarter and、 vere sghting like demons,In an incredibly short time my men were entirely annihnated。 9,25冖Γhe oity 、vas retaken by government forces, he added, and Li Hungˉ chang, ‘‘、vhen told that there 、vere a great number of high rebel omcials among the Prisoners,exPressed much satisfaction at their capture,He s0nt the1nayor of sungˉ Kiang tO1ne the next doy whh full authority ‘to cut,kill or take away tho⒃ captured,’ The scene that fdlowed surpasses descriPtion· So many hundreds were beheaded that the streets again ran 、vith blood; but even the EuroPean omcers in my command agreed that the measure was necessary in dealing with such fanatics。 ’”θ A British rePort of one batde states that‘ 1he rebelo ran frOIll the fortiscations and came to a stand in the inain street, , , ,IJpon tbk, t卜 e⒔eldT抬 ce from the qmP6r谛 use,” in oharge of L妃utenants stuart a。 d Rkhardson,swePt them down with graPe and canistcr sho1aftα th、 th曲 Ⅱtre犹 became a轧 ght,when the Par” of GLORIOus DAYs OF LooT1NC 69 marines and Chinese detached to cut thenl or did c。 nsiderable execution,some900or l,000having been kⅡ led and wounded, . , , After a1l was over,the vⅡ lage、vas set on sre,and the forFign trooPs embarked for Shanghai,’ ’2? A reporter for the C‰ 讠%勿 M日jJ lyrica11y :∶∶;;l男J甯:f甘:扌:∫ⅠIΙf∶玎坑冱tlf甘IJ栈留:∶∶:1∶∶1甘: sun was shining Pleasantly uPon the selds, rich 、vith ungathered t‰省絷△111:镞午:琚露lt冱:莒:品1r刂:1忿哩:iF 甯强:ll:l;1吞 l{1∶ :罕∵黹l泔;苜扌击诺f1J刂:r絮。:甘IJtΙ 啻tRf良Ilf∶l;黼:t跚:弘S黥 As the houses、 vere ransacked, great quantities of vdluable jewels, gdd, “lver, ddla‘ , and costly dresses were found, 鞲蹭浴拶扌:盏莓寨j噔r耢弗懒 j箨盗搬坨号垠娣鹦烈宀毖 a℃扩拮af祗毖哩苕】∶∶淠1f滞老‰:哏俨古璧rr户℃窝、霆喙 booty。辎筢 20 l“扌篙 P⒊r犰罗r菇e喘黹怼 Ward 、vas doing、vell out of the war, but he could see that his Position切ith the fofeign community~which had tried to run him 凇鞯捞洒盛蹒砩轴 i轷铍 l嵌

70 TO CHANGE CHINA informed the Taotai and the American Consul that he wishes to become a Chinese subject and change to Chinese dress."3 The fol- lowing month Ward married Chang Mei,the daughter of Taki,the Shanghai banker who had helped to finance his forces.The marriage ceremony was carried through in Chinese style,with Ward arriving on horseback dressed in his Chinese official robes.Communication between bride and groom must have proved difficult,since Taki knew only "pidgin"English and his daughter probably knew none at all,while Ward had only a smattering of spoken Chinese and knew nothing of the written characters. Ward returned to the battlefield soon after the wedding,having spent little time with his bride.It is unlikely that this was any marriage of love;it appears,rather,to have been a practical step on Ward's part to bind himself closer to the Chinese and to gain direct financial backing from his father-in-law.The two men went into business together,and by the spring of 1862 Ward had become"joint owner with Taki of two American-built gun-boats.And,with other gun-boats chartered by them...he was now a Chinese Admiral as Frederick Townsend Ward,oil painting by an unknown Chinese artist,and well-fitted out an expedition against the river pirates." his wife Chang Mei,daughter of the Shanghai financier Taki.Courtesy the Essex Institute,Salem,Massachusetts. By making these very graphic gestures,Ward consciously mort gaged himself to the Chinese.He had realized that to prove his loyalty to his Chinese employers he should fit himself as much as possible into the Chinese system.On March 17,1862,he and his lieutenant,Burgevine,were naturalized as Chinese citizens;both re- ceived the button of the fourth class in the Chinese official hierarchy, and Ward was also granted the honor of wearing a Peacock's feather. Only nine days later both men were awarded the button of the third class.Having won a series of victories near Shanghai,Ward also received the rank of brigadier general in the Chinese army.It was at this time that his force received by Imperial decree the title Ever- Charles George Gordon,shortly Victorious Army.In May 1862 Governor Li Hung-chang was told by before he sailed to China in 1859. the Emperor that he should"fraternize"with"Ward and others who seek both fame and fortune,"and go"even to the expense of making small rewards."as In addition to the satisfaction of becoming a general,an admiral

_— ~```辶 ___— — ~~ 70 TO cHANcE CH1NA infonη ed the Taotai and the American C。 nsul that l、 e Ⅵ9ishes to bccome a Chinese su丬 ect and change to Chincse dress'"(’ The folˉ lo、ving n1onth Ward married Chang pV1ei,the daughter of rΓ aki,the Shanghai bankcr、 vho had helPcd to fIna11ce his forces,The】 t1arriagc ccrcmony ll9as carricd throu宫h in Chine货 stylc,with l、丿Vard aⅡiving on horseback dresscd in his C)11inese omcial r。 bes。 Con"nuhication bet、veen brid0 and groom must have Proved di储 cult, since Taki kne、v only‘ ‘ Pidgin” Enghsh and his daughter Probably kne、 v none at 泛}ll,while Ward had only a smattering of spoken Chinese and kpew nothing of thc、 vritten t,haracters, Ward retorned to the battleneld s。。n after the `vcdding, having sPent little time `∧ `ith his bride。 It is unlikely that this l17as any marriage of love;it杏 Ppears,rather,to have been a practical step on 黑焦f‰品氍押漯r瑟器拄窝,邾W怒‰f甓 holless tog∝ hcr,al,d” 山esⅡng d18貌 Wa耐 had be∞me勹om owner with Tal1i of two American乇uilt gun七 oats,And,with\other gun七oats chartered by them,,,he was now a Chinese Admiral as well~fltted out an expedition against the river Pirates,” 31 By maki。g these very graPhic gestures, Ward consciously mortgaged himself to the Chinese, He had reohzed that to P亡 ove his l°yalty to his Chinese employers he should st hhnself as much as Pos“ble into the Chnese system,On Marc卜 17,1862,he and h,s 器留:I∶ ,品潆扌⒊r玎iru∶砦子:(l∶∶搬晶留讠i默谅 and Ward lvas also granted the honor of weβ ring a Peacock’ s feather, only nine days later both mcn、 vere a、 Varded:he button of the third cla豳扭 HMng won aso∝ d旅 t猁∝ neⅡ shangh峦,Wad dso received the rank of brigadier genera】 in the Chinese army,It was at this ti1ne that his foFce received by ImPerial decree the titlc EverVktooous Army,Inˇ Iay1862GoveFnor Li Hungˉchang wastdd by the EmPeror that he should‘ Traternize” with‘ ‘Ward and others who seek both fame and fortune/’ and go‘‘even to the exPense of1naking small rewards,’ ’i98 In ad山ton∞ theˇtisf扯 t⒗n of becoming a general,an adm“ al, 查f岁锸襁:蹈仿`锶括蹴虍:e‰巍s;滥滞钳飞孺h喇盅I∶ s扩猛f甲‰拈屮 1899

72 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 73 and an official in the Chinese hierarchy,Ward's "small rewards"fo By the summer of 1862,Ward had more than three thousand men loyalty included his becoming a rich man.But of all the benefits h under his command,as well as trench mortars and artillery.His new- received,the most important,and least tangible,was the new statu found status had gone to his head,and he began thinking in more he gained both among the Chinese and in the Western community grandiose terms.He drew up plans to expand his force to twenty-five in China.On the Chinese side,the governor of Kiangsu,Li Hung thousand men and to take Soochow,a key city in Taiping hands be- chang,badly overestimating Ward's influence with foreigners,com yond the thirty-mile zone.On August 14,1862,he had an interview mented that "Ward commands enough authority to control the with Li Hungchang,in which he discussed the rebel capital of foreigners in Shanghai,and he is quite friendly with me....Ward Nanking itself,beseiged for years by large Imperial forces.As Li is indeed brave in action,and he possesses all sorts of foreign reported their conversation to Tseng Kuo-fan,the commander of the weapons.Recently I,Hung-chang,have devoted all my attention to troops in front of Nanking and creator of the provincial Chinese making friends with him,in order to get the friendship of various armies which were slowly strangling the rebels:"Ward has seen me nations through that one individual."34 today,and urges me to transfer him to help attack [Nanking].He Though Ward did not control the foreign community in Shang says that he could arrive there in three days,build forts in three days, and recover the city in another three days-without fail.After vic- hai,it was true,ironically enough,that by becoming "Chinese"his status in the foreign community increased enormously.By the sum- tory,the wealth and property in the city would be equally shared with the Government's troops;and so forth."But on September 21. mer of 1862,this restless ex-first-mate,gold-miner and soldier of 1862,while attacking Tzeki,ten miles northwest of Ningpo,Ward, fortune could mix not only with the high levels of Chinese official- standing in full view surveying the position,"put his hand suddenly dom,but with foreign consuls,merchants,and ministers (though he to his abdomen and exclaimed,I have been hit.'"a7 He died that felt more at home in his military camp at Sungkiang).As with all night,and received the full honors of a Chinese general at his burial. men exiled from their homes,this sort of recognition must have been His dog,"a great shaggy black-and-white creature"which died a few extremely important to him,and he used his money to improve his days later,was buried near him.38 image.The American Minister to China,Anson Burlingame,wrote Though Ward was only thirty years old when he died,he had to President Lincoln: managed to forge for himself,in a chaotic time and by whatever methods were at hand,a personal and financial success of imposing General Ward was a man of great wealth,and in a letter to stature.He had,as well,managed for the first time to train Chinese me,the last probably he ever wrote,he proposed through me to troops to fight in the more effective European manner;had provided contribute ten thousand taels to the government of the United a model for Li Hung-chang's own Huai army;had impressed Li with States,to aid in maintaining the Union,but before I could the possibility of China's strengthening herself along Western lines respond to his patriotic letter he died.Let this wish,though without relying on foreign nations and foreign troops;had helped to unexecuted,find worthy record in the archives of his native clear a thirty-mile radius around Shanghai of Taiping rebels;and had land,to show that neither self-exile nor foreign service,nor the built up the foundations of a force that was to be more effectively incidents of a stormy life,could extinguish from the breast of used by his famous successor,Gordon.Yet,in the overall picture,the this wandering child of the Republic the fires of a truly loyal results had been small.He had defended a city of more importance to heart.36 foreign interests than to the Chinese.He had,even then,lost many

72 TO cHANcE CH1N厶 and an o隘 oal h the Chinese h始 rarch,,WarJs、 mall rewardr fo loyalty included his becoⅡling a rich man,But of aⅡ the bene￡ ts h( received,the most important,and leaot tangible,was the new statu he gai11ed both among the Chinese and in the Western communit, in China,On the Chinese盂 de,the governor of Kiangsu,Li Hung chang,badly overestimating Ward飞 innuence、 vith foreigners,com 卩nented that “Ward coΠ unands enough authority to control th∈ foreigners in Sha。 ghai,and he is quite friendly Ⅵ7ith:η e, , , , Waro i氵 indeed brave in action, and he possesses all sorts of foreign weaPons, Recendy I, Hungˉ chang,have devoted all my attention to making friends、 vith hi【 n,in order to get the friendshiP of various nations through that one individual,’ 埒刂 Though Ward did not control the foreign coΠ `1nunity in Shang。 hai,it u,as true,ironically enough,that-y beconⅡ ng‘‘Chinese” his status h the foreign community increased enormously。 By the sum¨ mer of 1862,th跽 restless exˉ srst-mate,gol山 miner and odaer。 f fortune could nlix not only with the high levels of Chinesq omcia⒈ dom,but with foreign∞nsuls,merchants,and ministers(though ho felt more at home in h△ military camP at Sungkiang),As with all men exⅡ ed fron△ their homes,this sort of recoghition must have been extremely important to hiⅡ n, and he used his money to imProve his image,The Amerkan Minister to China,Anson Budingame,wrote to Pre⒍dent Lincoln: General Ward was a man of great wealth9and in a letter to me,the lao1Probably he ever wrote,he ProPosed through me to contribute ten thousand taels to the government of the1Inited states, to aid in maintaining the Union, but before I could resPond to his Patriotic letter he died. Let this Ⅵ汀sh, though uneXecuted, ⒔nd 、vorthy record in the archives of his native land,to show that neither selfˉ o丫ne n。r foreign service,nρ r the incidents of a stormy life,could extinguish from the breast of this wandering chⅡd of the RePubhc the sres of a truly loyal heaFt。g弓 GLORI0us D^Ys oF LooTINC 73 By the suΠ 】【ner of1862,Ward had【n°re than three thousand men uhder his command,as wdl as trench mortars and artillery,His newˉ found status had gone to his h(:∶ ad, and he began thinking in more 弘::生:T足F∶f∶ ⒎扌萏诜诎1里1r∷%:笛1i扌扌∫荒1掠营1∶l蜇1f 群扌躲首:∶甘夂:∶l∶ ⒎i翁譬毖濮:’ 橇 h;∶∶盯:茹荡砰黠撤槲斛臂嚣置辙姒 ↓;∶狂焦t笛1Ⅰ遐嚣F廴打△召a胃:ⅠlF梵r揩11t罾:褚潸硭】f昏:r⒊恶谳;苇指fu鞯笋叮柙扌拶龀 results had been small,He had defended a city of rnore innPρ rtance to foreign interests than to the Ch:nese,He had,even then,lost many

74 TO CHANGE CHINA GLORIOUS DAYS OF LOOTING 75 battles,and the Taiping rebels soon returned to the areas he had plunder them carefully.Quantities of gold ornaments were "cleared."He had not truly altered the course of the civil war which burnt,considered as brass.It was wretchedly demoralizing work was being decided around the rebel capital of Nanking by Chinese for an army.Every body was wild for plunder.t0 troops without any foreign advisers.And he had died before having a chance to enjoy what he had won for himself. But a month later,a bored Gordon wrote to his sister:"My Dear "Poor old Ward,"one young British officer wrote home to his Augusta,we are all of us getting sick of Pekin,a dirtier town does mother on visiting Sungkiang,"is buried here in Chinese fashion not exist.I am sure one ride thro its filthy streets ought to content any his coffin over-ground.This place was his headquarters.He came out enthusiast."41 The only consolation seemed to be that,by not arriv. to China as mate of a ship,outlawed from America,and has died ing in China until late September,Gordon had found himself worth a million and a half.He was often wounded,and people had "rather late for the amusement,which won't vex mother."42 the idea he could not be shot."39 One can imagine that his mother,daughter of a merchant whaler, had already had quite enough vexation from this fourth of her five sons.Born on the twenty-eighth of January 1833,Charles George As the merchants of Shanghai turned to Ward to protect their Gordon had embarked on a military career at an early age,as his city,an expedition of 41 warships,143 troop transports,and 16,800 family wished.But there was something a little too headstrong about British,French,Sikh and Indian troops,was advancing on Peking to him;he seemed always to be getting into one scrape or another.In enforce the Treaty of Tientsin and place Western resident ministers military academy he had butted the senior colonel down a flight of in the capital of the Central Kingdom.When the Chinese executed stairs;and later,just before graduation,he had beaten one of the some twenty captured members of the allied expedition,Lord Elgin, younger cadets over the head with a hairbrush,losing his chance to in October 1860,ordered the destruction of the Ch'ing Emperor's be in the Royal Artillery like his father and grandfather.And when magnificent summer palace just to the northwest of Peking. he had gone to the Crimea in 1855,as a royal engineer,he had done Charles George Gordon,a young captain of the British Royal things in his own way,criticized his superiors,exposed himself too Engineers,helping to direct the destruction of that complex of two much to enemy bullets and had been wounded.Even worse,he had hundred buildings,wrote home to his mother: liked it all and wouldn't come home,complaining when peace came: "We do not,generally speaking,like the thought of peace until after [We]went out,and,after pillaging it,burned the whole another campaign.I shall not go to England,but expect I shall place,destroying in a Vandal-like manner most valuable prop- remain abroad for three or four years,which individually I would erty which would not be replaced for four millions.We got sooner spend in war than peace.There is something indescribably upwards of L48 a-piece prize money before we went out here; exciting in the former."4s and although I have not as much as many,I have done well. Gordon took the next best course.He went off first to Bessarabia The people are civil,but I think the grandees hate us,as to help a frontier delineation commission and then on to Armenia in they must after what we did to the Palace.You can scarcely 1857 for the same type of work.Yet his admiration went out to those imagine the beauty and magnificence of the places we burnt.It very people who paid no attention to the frontiers he was delineating. made one's heart sore to burn them;in fact,these palaces were "We met on our road a great number of Kurds....they are as so large,and we were so pressed for time,that we could not lawless as ever,and go from Turkey to Russia and back again as they

74 TO CHANGE CHINA batdcs, and the Taiping rebels soon returned to the areas he had “cleared,” lIe had not truly altered the course of the civil Ⅵ `ar、 vhich 、vas being decidcd around住 he rebel caPital of Nanking by Chinese trooPs Ⅵ′ithout any forcign advisers。 And he had died before having a chance to enjoy what he had won for himself。 “P°or old 、1厂 ard/’ onc young British omccr Ⅵ冫rOte homc to his n10ther on visiting sungkiang,“ is buried here in Chinese fashion~ his comn ove⒈ gr。und,This PlacC was his hoadquarters。 He camc out to China as mate of a ship,outlawed from America,and has died 、Vorth a:ηnli。n and a half,He、vas often、 vounded,and PeoPle had the idea he could not be shot,” 8θ As the merchants of shan8hai turned to 、、/ard to protect their city,an expedition oF41 LlJarshiPs, 143 troop transports, and 16,800 British,French,sikh and Indian trooPs,ll’ as advancing on Peking to enforce the Treaty oF广 Γientsin and Place、、严estern resident n1inisters in the capital of the Central Kingdom,When the((∶ ∶∶∶∶hineκ executed some twenty caPtured members of the alhed exPedition,Lord E18in, in October 1860, ordered the destruction of the Ch’ ing Emperors magniscentsummcr p尉 ace just to tlle northw6tof Pehng。 Charles George Gordon, a young caPtain of the British Royal Enginccrs,hclPing to dircct the destruction of that comPlex of tvl/o hundrcd bundings,Ⅵ`rote home to his mother∶ [、 `1/e] 、vent out, and, after PⅡ laging it, burned the 、vhole Place,destroying in a、/anda⒈ like manner rnost valuable ProPˉ $茹斟渊f蒜奋i茹嬲挠捃褶【岁、y憾 and although I havc n° tasrnuch as many,I have done ll,ell, The People are civⅡ , but I think the grandees hate us, as ∶:f;∶iThf投:滞焦燕扌:I1扌 ⒊:t∶ l甯。Ⅰ崽;∶:葫百袈 made one’ s heart sore to burn then);in fact,these Palaces vvere so large,and we were so pre甾ed for time,that we could not GLORIOUs DΛ Ys OF LooT【 NG 〖拄夂。农琨rJf∶lΙ1,慨:iI;∶tJe嬲%嚣⒊;焉I【1濡五 for an ar111y,Every body、 vas ll`ild for Plunder。40 【Juε a month later,a bored Gordon wro￠ e to his sister: ‘‘小√Iy Dear 丿\ugusta,Ⅵ `e are all of us getting sick of Pekin,a dirtier〖 o认9n does "t9t CXist,1am sure one ride thro its⒔ lthy streets ought to contcnt any cnthusiast,’ ’4【 'Γ he only consolation seemed to be that,by not arriv ing in China until late SePtember, Gordon had found himself “ratherlate for the amusement,which won℃ vex mother。 ’’I2 one can ima妒 ne that h泌 mother,daughter of a merchant whaler, IΙ ad already had quite enough vexation frol【 l this fourth of hcr6ve sons. Born on the tⅥ7enty eighth of January 1833, Charles 《3eorge (;ordon had embarked on a ∏lilitary career at an early age, as his family lrvished.But there、vas something a litde too⒈ 】eads住 rong about hi1n; he seemed always to be getting into one scraPe or another, In Illilitary academy he had butted the senior colonel do、 vn a gight。 f s住 airs; and later, jus‘ before graduation, he had beaten one of the younger cadets over the head、 vith a hairbrush,losing his chance to be in the Royal Artillery like his father and grandfather,And Ⅵ,hen he had gone to the Crhnea in 1855,as a royal engineer,he had done things in his own 砜冫ay, Criticized his suPeriors,exPosed hhnself too 【nuch to enemy buⅡets and had been、 vounded,Even worse,hc had liked it all and wouldn’ tcome home,comPlaining wben Peace came: “We do not,generally sPeaking,like the thought of peace untⅡ after 角nother camPaign· I shall not go to England, but exPect I shall remain abroad for three or four years, 、vhich 讠彳丬讠v;d仍伢JJ/ I 、vould sooner spend in war than Peace· tΓhere is something indcscribably exciting in the former。 ’’48 Cordon took the next best course, He、 vent ofF flrst to Bessarabia 〖o helP a frontier dehneation coⅡ 11nission and then on to Annenia in 1857for the same tyPe of work,Yet his admiration went out to those very peoPle wh。 Paid no attention to the frontiers he、 vas dehneating, “We met on our road a great number of Kurds。 . , , they are as lawless as ever,and go from Turkey to Russia and back again as they

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