5,Summing-up…365 2.Honore de Balzac (1799--1850)......................... 380 夏.Darwinism……… 366 3.Gustave Flaubert (1821--1880)...................385 l,General Introduction………… 366 4.Emile Zola(18401902)…388 2.Ideas of Evolution Before Darwin........367 5.Guy de Maupassant (1850-1893)......................... 390 a.Jean-Baptiste de Monet Lamarck (1744-1829)......367 重.Realism in Russia…391 b.Sir Charles Lyell (1797-1875)........................368 1.Nikolai G0gol(1809-1852)…392 c.Karl Marx(1818-1883)…368 2.Ivan Sergeyevich Turgerev(1818-1883) 393 3.Life of Charles Darwin (1809-1882).................... 368 3.Fyodor Dostoyevsky(1821-1881)……394 4.Darwin's Works and Theories..............................370 4.Count Leo Tolstoy (1823-1910)...................396 a.On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural 5.Anton Pavlovich Chekhov (1860-1904)................. 403 Selection,or the Preservation of Favoured Races N.Realism in Northern Europe.............. 407 in the Struggle for Life.............................370 1.Henrik Ibsen(1828-1906)…407 b.The Descent of Man....................................373 2.August Strindberg(1849-1912）…416 5.Effects of Darwinism……………·373 V.Realism in England… 417 a.On Biol0gy…373 1.Charles Dickens(1812-1870）…417 b.On Theology… 373 2.George Eliot (pen name of Mary Ann Evans, c.On Social Science 374 1819—1880）…420 3.William Makepeace Thackeray (1811-1863) 421 4.Thomas Hardy(1840-1928)…425 DIVISION NINE 5.George Bernard Shaw (1856-1950).........................426 M.Realism in the United States.... 427 REALISM 1.Harriet Beecher Stowe (1811-1896)...................427 2.Walt Whitman(1819-1892）… 428 I.General Introduction 375 3.Mark Twain(pen name of Samuel Langhorne Clemens, 1.What Is Realism? ……375 1835-1910）…… 433 2.The Historical Background..................................377 4.Henry James(1843-1916)……… 434 I.Realism in France............... 378 M.Art…435 1.Stendhal (pen name of Marie Henri Beyle,1783-1842).. 1.Realism in Art… 435 0**…………+++*+*+t+…44+4…378 a.Gustave Courbet (1819-1877)....................... 435 16 17 网弼新率重華