policy---a source of dismay to economists. a prime example is the US Clean Air Act. 规制很可能无效率的,因为对不同企业,地点和人群,污染减少的社会价值各有不同,但这是环境政 策中应用最广泛的一种形式。也是另经济学家失望的原因,一个主要例子是美国的《污染空气法》 8, Positive externalities generally lead to underprovision of an activity. A subsidy can correct the problem, but care must be taken to avoid wasteful subsidies. 正外部性一般会导致一种活动提供不足,补贴可以解决这个问题,但必须注意避免滥用补贴。 Chapter6 Political Economy Summary马瑞林0391041苏珊珊03391044 Summary l, Political economy applies economic principle to the analysis of political decision making 政治经济学是把经济学原理应用到公共选择的分析的学科。 2, Economists have studied several methods for choosing levels of public foods in a direct democracy. 经济学家们已经研究了在一个直接民主制度下几种关于公共产品选择的标准 3, Lindahl pricing results in a unanimous decision to provide an efficient quantity of public goods, but relies on honest revelation of preferences. 林达定价取决于在提供有效的公共产品的数量的一致决定,但是这依赖于真实偏好的表示。 4, Majority voting may lead to inconsistent decisions regarding public goods if some people's preferences are not single peaked. 如果一些人的偏好不是单峰的,那么关于公共产品地多数人投票将导致不一致的决定。 5, Logrolling allows voters to express the intensity of their preferences by trading votes. However, minority gai ome at of greate 互投赞成票”交易理论认为投票人可以通过选票交易来表现他们的偏好程度。然而,少数人的利益 可能会损失很大 6, Arrow's Impossibility Theorem states that, in general, it is impossible to find a decision- making rule that simultaneously satisfies a number of apparently reasonable criteria. The implication is that democracies are inherently prone to make inconsistent decisions. 阿罗不可能定理表明,一般情况下,不可能找到一个能同时满足许多显然合理的标准的决策规则。这 是因为民主制度天生倾向于产生不一致的决策 7, Explanations of government behavior in a representative democracy require studying the interaction of elected officials, public employees, and special-interest groups. 对于代议制的民主制下的政府行为的解释,需要研究政治家、政府雇员和特殊利益集团间的相互作用。 8, Under restrictive assumptions, the actions of elected officials mimic the wishes of the median voter 在严格的假设条件下,政治家的行为会趋向于迎合中间投票人的利益。 9, Public employees have an important impact on the development and implementation of economic policy.公务员对经济政策的制定和执行有很重要的影响 10, One theory predicts that bureaucrats attempt to maximize the size of their agencies budgets, resulting in oversupply of the service.有一种理论预示:官僚主义者(政府雇员)试图最大化他们的 行政预算,从而导致机构服务的过度提供 ll, Rent-seeking private citizens form groups to influence government activity. 私人寻租者形成集团去影响政府的活动。6 policy---a source of dismay to economists. A prime example is the US Clean Air Act. 规制很可能无效率的，因为对不同企业，地点和人群，污染减少的社会价值各有不同，但这是环境政 策中应用最广泛的一种形式。也是另经济学家失望的原因，一个主要例子是美国的《污染空气法》 8，Positive externalities generally lead to underprovision of an activity . A subsidy can correct the problem, but care must be taken to avoid wasteful subsidies. 正外部性一般会导致一种活动提供不足，补贴可以解决这个问题，但必须注意避免滥用补贴。 Chapter 6 Political Economy Summary 马瑞林 03391041 苏珊珊 03391044 Summary 1, Political economy applies economic principle to the analysis of political decision making . 政治经济学是把经济学原理应用到公共选择的分析的学科。 2, Economists have studied several methods for choosing levels of public foods in a direct democracy. 经济学家们已经研究了在一个直接民主制度下几种关于公共产品选择的标准。 3, Lindahl pricing results in a unanimous decision to provide an efficient quantity of public goods, but relies on honest revelation of preferences. 林达定价取决于在提供有效的公共产品的数量的一致决定，但是这依赖于真实偏好的表示。 4, Majority voting may lead to inconsistent decisions regarding public goods if some people’s preferences are not single peaked. 如果一些人的偏好不是单峰的，那么关于公共产品地多数人投票将导致不一致的决定。 5, Logrolling allows voters to express the intensity of their preferences by trading votes .However, minority gains may come at expense of greater general losses. “互投赞成票”交易理论认为投票人可以通过选票交易来表现他们的偏好程度。然而，少数人的利益 可能会损失很大。 6, Arrow’s Impossibility Theorem states that, in general, it is impossible to find a decision-making rule that simultaneously satisfies a number of apparently reasonable criteria. The implication is that democracies are inherently prone to make inconsistent decisions. 阿罗不可能定理表明，一般情况下，不可能找到一个能同时满足许多显然合理的标准的决策规则。这 是因为民主制度天生倾向于产生不一致的决策。 7, Explanations of government behavior in a representative democracy require studying the interaction of elected officials, public employees, and special-interest groups. 对于代议制的民主制下的政府行为的解释，需要研究政治家、政府雇员和特殊利益集团间的相互作用。 8, Under restrictive assumptions, the actions of elected officials mimic the wishes of the median voter. 在严格的假设条件下，政治家的行为会趋向于迎合中间投票人的利益。 9, Public employees have an important impact on the development and implementation of economic policy. 公务员对经济政策的制定和执行有很重要的影响。 10, One theory predicts that bureaucrats attempt to maximize the size of their agencies’ budgets, resulting in oversupply of the service. 有一种理论预示：官僚主义者（政府雇员）试图最大化他们的 行政预算，从而导致机构服务的过度提供。 11, Rent-seeking private citizens form groups to influence government activity. 私人寻租者形成集团去影响政府的活动