12, Special interests can form on the basis of income source, income size, industry, region, or personal characteristics_特殊利益集团的形成是基于收入来源,收入的规模,行业,地区,还有个人的特征。 13, The growth of government has been rapid by any measure. Explanations of this phenomenon include:无论用何种方法来衡量,政府支出增长速度都过快。以下现象可以解释: 14, Citizens simply want a larger government.公民简单地认为需要一个更大的政府。 15, The public sector must expand to absorb private excess production. 公共部门必须扩展以吸收私人部门的超额产品。 16, Random events(such as wars) increase the growth of government, while inertia prevents a return to previous levels.随机事件(如:战争)加快了政府支出的增长,然而惯性阻碍它回到原来的水平。 17, Unrealistic expectations have resulted in increasing demands that ignore the opportunity costs of public programs.不切实际的期望导致需求的增长,而忽略公共项目的机会成本 18, Certain groups use the government to redistribute income to themselves. 某些集团利用政府把收入从新分配给他们自己 19, Proposals to control the growth in government include encouraging private sector competition, reforming the budget process, and constitutional amendments. 控制政府支出增长的建议包括:鼓励私人部门竞争,改革预算过程和修正宪法 chapter7 Summary 许俊勇03391053 陈云颖03391067吴育云03391052 l, Measuring the extent of poverty is difficult to do. Problems with the governments official poverty figures include: (a)they count only cash receipts; b)they ignore taxes; (c)they are based on annual income measures; (d)they ignore changes in household composition 度量贫穷的外延是很困难的。政府官方的贫穷数据存在如下问题:(1)数据只涉及现金支出(没有包 括实物转移)(2)忽略了税收(即税前收入,默认税率一成不变)(3)数据基于年度收入测量(4) 忽略了不同结构家庭之间的差别(如单亲和双亲) 2, if(I)social welfare is the sum of identical utility functions that depend only on incomes; (2)there is decreasing marginal utility of incomes; and(3)the total amount of income is fixed; then income should be equally distributed. these are strong assumptions and weakening them gives radically different results 假如(1)社会福利只是那些基于收入的无差别效用函数的简单加总(2)收入的边际效用是递减的(3) 总收入是固定的,则收入应该平等地被分配。这3点都是极其严格的假设,条件削弱的话会得出截然 不同的结果 3, the maximin criterion states that the best income distribution maximizes the utility of the person who has the lowest utility. The ethical validity of this proposition is controversial. 最大最小准则表明最好的收入分配能使最小效用的那个人效用最大化。这一命题的伦理合理性有待商 4, the income distribution may be like a public good-everyone derives utility from the fact that income is equitably distributed, but government coercion is needed to accomplish redistribution. Pareto efficient redistribution occurs when on one is made worse off as a result of a transfer 收入的分配可能象一种公共产品一一如果收入是平等分配的话每一个人都将获得效用,但是政府的强 制政策是完成再分配。当没有任何人因为财富重新分配而状况变坏的话,帕累托效率就出现了 5, other views of income distribution reject the utilitarian framework. some believe it is a first principle that income, or at least certain goods, should be distributed equally. others argue that the7 12, Special interests can form on the basis of income source, income size, industry, region, or personal characteristics. 特殊利益集团的形成是基于收入来源，收入的规模，行业，地区，还有个人的特征。 13, The growth of government has been rapid by any measure. Explanations of this phenomenon include: 无论用何种方法来衡量，政府支出增长速度都过快。以下现象可以解释： 14, Citizens simply want a larger government. 公民简单地认为需要一个更大的政府。 15, The public sector must expand to absorb private excess production. 公共部门必须扩展以吸收私人部门的超额产品。 16, Random events (such as wars) increase the growth of government, while inertia prevents a return to previous levels. 随机事件（如：战争）加快了政府支出的增长，然而惯性阻碍它回到原来的水平。 17, Unrealistic expectations have resulted in increasing demands that ignore the opportunity costs of public programs. 不切实际的期望导致需求的增长，而忽略公共项目的机会成本。 18, Certain groups use the government to redistribute income to themselves. 某些集团利用政府把收入从新分配给他们自己。 19, Proposals to control the growth in government include encouraging private sector competition, reforming the budget process, and constitutional amendments. 控制政府支出增长的建议包括：鼓励私人部门竞争，改革预算过程和修正宪法。 chapter7 Summary 许俊勇 03391053 陈云颖 03391067 吴育云 03391052 1, Measuring the extent of poverty is difficult to do. Problems with the government’s official poverty figures include:(a)they count only cash receipts;(b)they ignore taxes;(c)they are based on annual income measures;(d)they ignore changes in household composition 度量贫穷的外延是很困难的。政府官方的贫穷数据存在如下问题：（1）数据只涉及现金支出（没有包 括实物转移）（2）忽略了税收（即税前收入，默认税率一成不变）（3）数据基于年度收入测量（4） 忽略了不同结构家庭之间的差别（如单亲和双亲） 2, if(1)social welfare is the sum of identical utility functions that depend only on incomes;(2)there is decreasing marginal utility of incomes ; and (3)the total amount of income is fixed; then income should be equally distributed .these are strong assumptions and weakening them gives radically different results. 假如（1）社会福利只是那些基于收入的无差别效用函数的简单加总（2）收入的边际效用是递减的（3） 总收入是固定的，则收入应该平等地被分配。这 3 点都是极其严格的假设，条件削弱的话会得出截然 不同的结果。 3, the maximin criterion states that the best income distribution maximizes the utility of the person who has the lowest utility. The ethical validity of this proposition is controversial. 最大最小准则表明最好的收入分配能使最小效用的那个人效用最大化。这一命题的伦理合理性有待商 议。 4, the income distribution may be like a public good—everyone derives utility from the fact that income is equitably distributed, but government coercion is needed to accomplish redistribution. Pareto efficient redistribution occurs when on one is made worse off as a result of a transfer. 收入的分配可能象一种公共产品——如果收入是平等分配的话每一个人都将获得效用，但是政府的强 制政策是完成再分配。当没有任何人因为财富重新分配而状况变坏的话，帕累托效率就出现了。 5, other views of income distribution reject the utilitarian framework. some believe it is a first principle that income, or at least certain goods, should be distributed equally. others argue that the