distribution of income is irrelevant as long as the distribution arises from a"fair "process. 其他一些观点屏弃了功利主义者的理论框架。一些人认为收入,至少是特定的产品,平等的分配是第 法则。其他的观点则认为,收入分配是无关紧要的,只要它源于一种“公平”的过程 6, a government program can change relative prices, creating losses and gains for various individuals. It is difficult to trace all of these price changes, so economists generally focus only on the prices in the markets directly affected 项政府的政策可以改变相对价格,引起不同的个体的得利或者损失。要追踪所有的价格变化是困难 的,因此,经济学家只关注直接受影响的市场价格 7, because people do not reveal how they value public goods, it is difficult to determine how these goods affect real incomes. 由于人们并不显示他们对公共产品的评价,因此,确定这些产品如何影响真实收入是困难的 8, many government programs provide goods and services (in-kind transfers) instead of cash. Recipients are not legally allowed to sell the goods and services so received. If recipients would prefer to consume less, the value of the in-kind transfer is less than the market price. 许多政府方案提供产品和服务(实物转移)而非现金。获得者在法律上不被允许出售这些获得的产品 和服务。如果获得者偏好少消费一些这些产品,实物转移的价值便会低于其市场价格 9, the prevalence of in-kind transfer programs may be due to paternalism, commodity egalitarianism administrative feasibility, or political attractiveness 实物转移方案的广泛存在可能归于父爱主义,商品平等主义,管理上的可行性,或者政治上的吸引力。 Chapter8李晨曦0391080胡名栋03391071李俭03391082 1, Means-tested programs transfer income to people whose resource fall below a certain level Government means-tested programs are about 4.1 percent of GDP. 以经济情况调查结果为基础的计划,向收入低于某一平均水平的人转移收入。政府的这类计划支出额 约占GDP的4。1% 2, The current program of cash assistance, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families(TANF), was enacted in 1996. It removed the entitlement to cash benefits. In general, recipients cannot receive cash transfers for more than five years, and after two years they must take part in some work-related activity. 1996年开始实行对贫困家庭的临时补助计划,废除了享有现金补助的公民权利性计划。一般来说, 接受者获得现金转移不得超过5年,两年之后他们必须参加与某种工作活动 3, Under TANf, the sates have virtually total control over the structure of their welfare systems. States vary considerably in the rates at which they reduce benefits when recipients earn income. 这次改革的一个重要特点是,各州实际上拥有对福利制度结构的全面控制权。当接受者取得收入时 各州在补助额的减少比率差异很大 4, Any income maintenance system must deal with several issue, including the conflict between adequate support and good work incentives, welfare dependence, work requirements, and state versus federal administration 任何收入维持制度都必须定涉及许多问题,包括适当支持与良好工作激励、福利依赖、工作要求之间 的冲突,以及是由州政府管理还是由联邦政府管理。 5, The earned income tax credit(EITC) provides a subsidy to the wages of qualified low-income individuals. The phaseout of the erTC after earnings exceed a certain threshold imposes a high8 distribution of income is irrelevant as long as the distribution arises from a “fair” process. 其他一些观点屏弃了功利主义者的理论框架。一些人认为收入，至少是特定的产品，平等的分配是第 一法则。其他的观点则认为，收入分配是无关紧要的，只要它源于一种“公平”的过程。 6, a government program can change relative prices, creating losses and gains for various individuals. It is difficult to trace all of these price changes, so economists generally focus only on the prices in the markets directly affected. 一项政府的政策可以改变相对价格，引起不同的个体的得利或者损失。要追踪所有的价格变化是困难 的，因此，经济学家只关注直接受影响的市场价格。 7, because people do not reveal how they value public goods, it is difficult to determine how these goods affect real incomes. 由于人们并不显示他们对公共产品的评价，因此，确定这些产品如何影响真实收入是困难的。 8, many government programs provide goods and services (in -kind transfers) instead of cash. Recipients are not legally allowed to sell the goods and services so received. If recipients would prefer to consume less, the value of the in-kind transfer is less than the market price. 许多政府方案提供产品和服务（实物转移）而非现金。获得者在法律上不被允许出售这些获得的产品 和服务。如果获得者偏好少消费一些这些产品，实物转移的价值便会低于其市场价格。 9, the prevalence of in-kind transfer programs may be due to paternalism, commodity egalitarianism, administrative feasibility , or political attractiveness. 实物转移方案的广泛存在可能归于父爱主义，商品平等主义，管理上的可行性，或者政治上的吸引力。 Chapter 8 李晨曦 03391080 胡名栋 03391071 李俭 03391082 1, Means-tested programs transfer income to people whose resource fall below a certain level .Government means-tested programs are about 4.1 percent of GDP. 以经济情况调查结果为基础的计划，向收入低于某一平均水平的人转移收入。政府的这类计划支出额 约占 GDP 的 4。1％ 2, The current program of cash assistance, Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF),was enacted in 1996. It removed the entitlement to cash benefits. In general, recipients cannot receive cash transfers for more than five years, and after two years they must take part in some work-related activity. 1996 年开始实行对贫困家庭的临时补助计划，废除了享有现金补助的公民权利性计划。一般来说， 接受者获得现金转移不得超过 5 年，两年之后他们必须参加与某种工作活动。 3, Under TANF, the sates have virtually total control over the structure of their welfare systems. States vary considerably in the rates at which they reduce benefits when recipients earn income. 这次改革的一个重要特点是，各州实际上拥有对福利制度结构的全面控制权。当接受者取得收入时， 各州在补助额的减少比率差异很大。 4, Any income maintenance system must deal with several issue, including the conflict between adequate support and good work incentives, welfare dependence, work requirements, and state versus federal administration. 任何收入维持制度都必须定涉及许多问题，包括适当支持与良好工作激励、福利依赖、工作要求之间 的冲突，以及是由州政府管理还是由联邦政府管理。 5, The earned income tax credit (EITC) provides a subsidy to the wages of qualified low-income individuals. The phaseout of the EITC after earnings exceed a certain threshold imposes a high