implicit marginal tax rate on earnings. Although administered through the tax system, it is now the most important program for cash transfers to the poor. 所得税抵免提供一笔津贴给低收入的人们。当人们的收入超过一定的数额时再向人们的个人所得课征 笔税金。这个控制税收的系统,现在对穷人们来说相当重要。 6, Supplemental Security Income (SSi) provides cash grants to the aged, blind, or disabled 补充性保障收入向老人、盲人或残疾人提供现金补助。 7, Medicaid, the largest spending program for the poor, provides certain medical services at no charge Medicaid partially crowds out private medical insurance. 医疗补助是扶贫指出话最大的项目,免费提供某些医疗服务。公共医疗补助部分地推出私人医疗保险 8, A food stamp is a voucher that can be used only for the purchase of food. Food stamps apper to induce more food consumption than an equivalent amount of cash 食品券是只能用来购买食品的凭证。食品券似乎比等量的现金能引致更多的食品消费 9, In the past, housing assistance in the United States focused on the creation of public housing for poor. The Section 8 program now provides a small number of recipients with housing vouchers to pay the rent on dwellings of their choice. 在过去,美国的住房补助主要是穷人建新公房。现在,第8条计划向少量接受者提供房租券,用来支 付他们选择住房的房租。 10, The goal of education and job-training programs is to enhance the ability of the poor to support themselves in the future. The efficacy of job-training programs does not appear to very substantiaL However, compensatory education for children, such as Head Start, leads to long-term improvement in educational attainment and education 教育和职业培训计划的目的,是向提高穷人未来的自立能力。职业培训计划的功效似乎并不大。然而 对儿童的教育补助,在长期中达到教育进步的目标 Chapter9社会保障 林阿端(03391085)林罡(03391086)邱强(03391095) 1. Social insurance may be justified on grounds of adverse selection, decision-making costs, income distribution, or paternalism 社会保险存在的理由可能有逆向选择、决策成本、收入分配和家长主义 2. Social Security (oASDi)is the largest social insurance program, indeed the largest domestic spending program. It providers retirement incomes for the aged 社会保障是最大的社会保险计划,实际上也是最大的国内开支计划。它为老年人提供退休收入 3. Social Security benefits are calculated in two steps. Average indexed monthly earnings(AIME) are derived from the workers history and determine the primary insurance amount (PIA). To compute actual benefits, the Pia is adjusted by an amount depending on retirement age, family status, and other earnings. 社会保障金分两步计算。首先根据工人的收入历史来确定月均指数化收入,并确定基本保障额 (PIA)。然后,根据退休年龄、家庭状况和其他收入来调整基本保障额,计算出实际养老金 4. The Social Security system is pay-as-you-go. Current benefits are financed by taxes on current workers 社会保障制度是现收现付的。当前的保障金是从当前的税收收入中取得的 5. the Social Security trust fund is essentially an accounting device and by itself dose not enhance society,'s ability to care for retirees in the future. 社会保障制度是部分积累制。虽然目前的养老金大部分是用对当前工人课征的税收来筹资的,但9 implicit marginal tax rate on earnings. Although administered through the tax system , it is now the most important program for cash transfers to the poor. 所得税抵免提供一笔津贴给低收入的人们。当人们的收入超过一定的数额时再向人们的个人所得课征 一笔税金。这个控制税收的系统，现在对穷人们来说相当重要。 6, Supplemental Security Income (SSI) provides cash grants to the aged, blind, or disabled. 补充性保障收入向老人、盲人或残疾人提供现金补助。 7, Medicaid, the largest spending program for the poor, provides certain medical services at no charge. Medicaid partially crowds out private medical insurance. 医疗补助是扶贫指出话最大的项目，免费提供某些医疗服务。公共医疗补助部分地推出私人医疗保险。 8, A food stamp is a voucher that can be used only for the purchase of food .Food stamps apper to induce more food consumption than an equivalent amount of cash. 食品券是只能用来购买食品的凭证。食品券似乎比等量的现金能引致更多的食品消费。 9, In the past , housing assistance in the United States focused on the creation of public housing for poor. The Section 8 program now provides a small number of recipients with housing vouchers to pay the rent on dwellings of their choice. 在过去，美国的住房补助主要是穷人建新公房。现在，第 8 条计划向少量接受者提供房租券，用来支 付他们选择住房的房租。 10, The goal of education and job-training programs is to enhance the ability of the poor to support themselves in the future. The efficacy of job-training programs does not appear to very substantial. However, compensatory education for children, such as Head Start ,leads to long-term improvements in educational attainment and education. 教育和职业培训计划的目的，是向提高穷人未来的自立能力。职业培训计划的功效似乎并不大。然而 对儿童的教育补助，在长期中达到教育进步的目标。 Chapter 9 社会保障 林阿端（03391085） 林罡（03391086）邱强（03391095） 1. Social insurance may be justified on grounds of adverse selection, decision-making costs, income distribution, or paternalism. 社会保险存在的理由可能有逆向选择、决策成本、收入分配和家长主义。 2. Social Security (OASDI) is the largest social insurance program, indeed the largest domestic spending program. It providers retirement incomes for the aged. 社会保障是最大的社会保险计划，实际上也是最大的国内开支计划。它为老年人提供退休收入. 3. Social Security benefits are calculated in two steps. Average indexed monthly earnings (AIME) are derived from the worker’s history and determine the primary insurance amount (PIA). To compute actual benefits, the PIA is adjusted by an amount depending on retirement age, family status, and other earnings. 社会保障金分两步计算。首先根据工人的收入历史来确定月均指数化收入，并确定基本保障额 （PIA）。然后，根据退休年龄、家庭状况和其他收入来调整基本保障额，计算出实际养老金。 4. The Social Security system is pay-as-you-go. Current benefits are financed by taxes on current workers. 社会保障制度是现收现付的。当前的保障金是从当前的税收收入中取得的。 5. The Social Security trust fund is essentially an accounting device, and by itself dose not enhance society’s ability to care for retirees in the future. 社会保障制度是部分积累制。虽然目前的养老金大部分是用对当前工人课征的税收来筹资的，但