P.cembra.One year old needie 11111 30 54 200 入。8 Mar June July Aug Sept hu W2.Li MH 6 Month 02550m p四四和 。3200ma5 Abies 200 LEAF TEMPERATURE 出ML808ePa27a1a73793.1387 ag999 End of ain p/yoqn-UON 8 8 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 NSC(% d.m.) 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 0 5 10 10 15 Soluble sugars (% d.m.) 0 2 4 6 Previous‐year branches 0 2 4 6 8 Stem 0 2 4 6 8 Taproots 10 Coarse roots Starch (% d.m.) * * * * * * Figure 1. The seasonal variation (mean ± 1 SE) of total nonstructural carbohydrate (left panels), soluble sugars(middle panels), and starch (right panels) concentration for 10 tissues of Q. aquifoliodesshrubs growing at the three altitudes (3000 m, 3500 m, and 3950 m a.s.l.) in the Mt. Zheduo, SW China. Symbols: ○ = 3000 m a.s.l.; ■ = 3500 m a.s.l.; ∆ = 3950 m a.s.l.. 0 5 10 15 0 5 10 15 20 25 0 5 10 15 20 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct 0 5 10 0 5 10 15 20 0 5 10 15 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct 0 5 0 5 10 Medium roots 0 2 4 6 8 Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct Fine roots 2008 2009 2008 2009 2008 2009 Zhu WZ, Li MH (in preparation) * * * * * * ??? A winter carbon shortage? or An effect of phenological phase-shift? Hoch G. 2003 PhD thesis Uni. Basel Podocarpus oleifolius 2550 m a.s.l. 3200 m a.s.l. Espeletia neriifolia 2400 m a.s.l. 3200 m a.s.l. p Cavieres et al. 2000. Acta Oecologia 21, 203-211 5 10 15 20 25 30 Starch / Sugars / NSC concentration (% d.m.) Sugars Starch A B A B ** 1-yr-old needles 2-yr-old needles 3-yr-old needles Stem wood Fine roots Carbon shortage? - No! 0 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m 3750m 3300m April July April July April July April July April July Elevations of trees and sampling time Abies fabri Li MH et al. 2008. Tree Physiology 28, 1287-1296 Li MH et al. 2008. Plant, Cell & Environment 31, 1377-1387 Shi PL et al. 2006. Basic Appl. Ecol. 7(4), 370-377 End of winter r Mid season bohydrates + lipids wood (% d.m.) 0 2 4 4 NSC Lipids * * ** Pinus hartwegii Mexico (19° N) Pinus cembra Alps (46° N) Pinus sylvestris sylvestris Sweden (68° N) Late season Mid season Non-structural car structural ca in stem sap w Altitude 0 2 0 2 4 *** Low High Low High Low High G Hoch & C Körner (2003) Oecologia 135:10-21