plays. Non- literary translation: translation of political essays, news texts, scientific and technical texts, financial and commercial texts, practical writing I The standard of translation The term"standard of translation""in fact covers two aspects: the principle of translation and criterion of translation. If the translator hopes to succeed in translation, he or she must follow some principles; if the reader or critic wants to judge whether the translation is successful or not, he or she has to depend on certain criterion. Actually, the so-called principles and criteria of translation are the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works There are five criteria mentioned here. but the former two of them are influential criteria ccepted by most of the translators There are two influential criteria accepted by most of the translators 1. One is set up by Yan Fu(2)on the basis of"faithfulness, expressiveness and legance'(faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before Han Dynasty.)信、达、雅)(信:意义不倍(背)本文,忠实于原文;达:尽译文语言 所能事以求原义明显,不拘泥于原文形式,信、达二者统一;雅:脱离原文而片面追求译文 本身的古雅。他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”一—一实际上即所谓上等的文言文 才算登大雅之堂。)(加上课本p8中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun( ii )on the basis of"rather being faithful in thought than smooth in language((宁信而不顺) 3. The new China witnesses two important scholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former suggests achieve the 'spirit'of the original or expression resemblance”(神似).(译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来,或称能达到“形 似”和“神似”,这是翻译的高标准。川Mr. Qian Zhongshu puts forward the ideas of transfiguration or conversion” which aimed at“ perfectionˇ(化境).(所谓“化境”‘就是原 作向译文的“投胎转世”,文字形式虽然换了,而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都 原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了,丝亳不留下翻译的痕迹,让读者读译作就完全像在读原 作一样。化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。) They two follow the principle of faithfulness 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared another translator, the monk Dao An(iLs) He suggested"preaching according to the original without any deduction or addition"(4 而传,不令有损言游字:按照原文的本意 In the history of western translation theories, there appeared a lot of translation theorists Here we only mention some representative opinions on translation criteria. Alexander Raster8 plays. Non- literary translation: translation of political essays, news texts, scientific and technical texts, financial and commercial texts, practical writing. Ⅳ. The standard standard standard standard of translation translation translation translation The term “standard of translation” in fact covers two aspects: the principle of translation and criterion of translation. If the translator hopes to succeed in translation, he or she must follow some principles; if the reader or critic wants to judge whether the translation is successful or not, he or she has to depend on certain criterion. Actually, the so-called principles and criteria of translation are the two sides of the same thing. The former lays emphasis on the translator who should follow them while translating; while the latter on the reader or critic, who may use the criteria to evaluate translation works. There are five criteria mentioned here, but the former two of them are influential criteria accepted by most of the translators. There are two influential criteria accepted by most of the translators. 1. One is set up by Yan Fu (严复) on the basis of “faithfulness faithfulness faithfulness faithfulness , expressiveness expressiveness expressiveness expressiveness and elegance elegance elegance elegance” (faithfulness: to be faithful to the content of the original; expressiveness: to be as expressive as the original; elegance: to be elegant if a translator uses words or sentence patterns before Han Dynasty .)(信、达、雅). (信：意义不倍(背)本文，忠实于原文；达：尽译文语言 所能事以求原义明显，不拘泥于原文形式，信、达二者统一；雅：脱离原文而片面追求译文 本身的古雅。他认为只有译文本身采用“汉以前字法句法”——实际上即所谓上等的文言文， 才算登大雅之堂。) (加上课本 p.8 中间的内容评论) 2. The other is put forward by Lu Xun (鲁迅) on the basis of “rather being faithful faithful faithful faithful in thought thought thought thought than smooth in language language language language”(宁信而不顺). 3. The new China witnesses two important scholars on translation. One is Fu Lei and the other is Qian Zhongshu. The former suggests “achieve achieve achieve achieve the ‘spirit’ of the original original original original or expression expression expression expression resemblance resemblance resemblance resemblance”（神似）. (译文同原文如果能在形式上和精神上同时一致起来，或称能达到“形 似 ” 和 “ 神 似 ”， 这 是 翻 译 的 高 标 准 。 )Mr. Qian Zhongshu puts forward the ideas of “transfiguration transfiguration transfiguration transfiguration or conversion conversion conversion conversion” which aimed at “perfection perfection perfection perfection”(化境).（所谓“化境”‘就是原 作向译文的“投胎转世” ，文字形式虽然换了，而原文投胎的思想、感情、风格、神韵都 原原本本的化到了译文的境界里了，丝毫不留下翻译的痕迹，让读者读译作就完全像在读原 作一样。化境是比传神更高的翻译标准。） They two follow the principle of faithfulness. 4. In the Eastern Jin Dynasty, there appeared another translator, the monk Dao An (释道安). He suggested “preaching preaching preaching preaching according according according according to the original original original original without without without without any deduction deduction deduction deduction or addition addition addition addition” (案本 而传，不令有损言游字: 按照原文的本意). In the history of western translation theories, there appeared a lot of translation theorists. Here we only mention some representative opinions on translation criteria. Alexander Fraster