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·1050 北京科技大学学报 第36卷 出,服役1.5a炉管的碳化物富集区与心部基体相比 after high temperature service in oxidizing/carburizing environ- 二次碳化物数量明显比心部基体多,且一次碳化物 ment.Mater Charact,2002,49:23 2]Khodamorad S H,Rezaie H.Sadeghipour A,et al.Analysis of 更粗大.随着服役时间的延长,贫化区越来越宽,碳 ethylene cracking furnace tubes.Eng Fail Anal,2012,21:1 化物富集区前沿也向内部推进 B]Voicu R,Andrieu E,Poquillon D,et al.Microstructure evolution of HP40-Nb alloys during aging under air at 1000 C.Mater Char- 碳化物 ac,2009,60:1020 言集区 4] Laigo J,Christien F,Le G R,et al.SEM,EDS,EPMA-WDS and EBSD characterization of carbides in HP type heat resistant al- loys.Mater Charact,2008,59:1580 [5]Sustaita-Torres I A,Haro-Rodriguez S,Guerrero-Mata M P,et al. Aging of a cast 35Cr-45Ni heat resistant alloy.Mater Chem Phys, 2012,133:1018 6 Shi S.Lippold JC.Microstructure evolution during service expo- sure of two cast,heat-resisting stainless steels HP-Nb modified and 图7服役1.5a炉管碳化物富集区 Fig.7 Carbide-rich zone of the tube serviced for 1.5 a 20-32Nb.Mater Charact,2008,59:1029 [7]Shen L M,Gong J M,Tang J Q,et al.Study on the carburization 从图1(b)和(c)中可以看出,在两个服役炉管 resistance of Cr25Ni35Nb and Cr35Ni45Nb alloys for ethylene 的碳化物贫化区中出现了一些孔洞,这主要由以下 cracking fumnace tube at high temperature.Shanghai /iaotong Uni,2010,44(5):604 几点因素造成:(1)炉管内壁上氧化膜的形成,致使 (沈利民,巩建鸣,唐建群,等.C25N35Nh和C35N45Nb 合金基体受到氧化膜对它的拉应力作用,容易在贫 裂解炉管的抗高温渗碳能力.上海交通大学学报,2010,44 化区晶界处产生孔洞:(2)服役炉管存在氧化层、贫 (5):604) 化区、碳化物富集层以及心部基体四个区域,这四个 8] Shen L M,Geng L Y,Gong J M.Effects of aging time on me- 区域分别具有不同的组织形态,具有不同的热膨胀 chanical properties and microstructure in Cr35Ni45Nb centrifugally 系数和力学性质,所以当合金服役过程中受到热应 cast austenitic steel.J Nanjing Unir Technol Nat Sci Ed,2011, 33(2):28 力作用,发生变形时,各区域的变形不协调,相互阻 (沈利民,歌鲁阳,巩建鸣.时效时间对C35N45Nb离心铸 碍,应力不能有效释放:(3)炉管服役过程中受到蠕 造奥氏体钢力学性能与微观组织的影响.南京工业大学学报: 变应力的作用,炉管的碳化物贫化区中没有析出相, 自然科学版,2011,33(2):28) 蠕变抗力较低,因此会在碳化物贫化区中优先出现 9)] Piekarski B.Effect of Nb and Ti additions on microstructure and 蠕变孔洞 identification of precipitates in stabilized Ni-Cr cast austenitic steels.Mater Charact,2001,47:181 4结论 [0]Wang W Z,Xuan F Z,Wang Z D,et al.Effect of overheating temperature on the microstructure and creep behavior of HP40Nb (1)Cr35Ni45炉管在高温服役过程中其内壁 alloy.Mater Des,2011,32(7)4010 出现了氧化层、碳化物贫化区和碳化物富集区三个 [11]Borjali S,Allahkaram S R,Khosravi H.Effects of working tem- 区域,其氧化行为包括C的外氧化和Si的内氧化, perature and carbon diffusion on the microstructure of high pres- 且服役过程中外氧化膜发生反复破坏和重建. sure heat-resistant stainless steel tubes used in pyrolysis fumnaces (2)炉管内壁出现的渗碳行为主要由内表面结 during service condition.Mater Des,2012,34:65 [12]Swaminathan J,Guguloth K,Gunjan M,et al.Failure analysis 焦引起,外氧化膜的反复破坏加剧了渗碳过程,但基 and remaining life assessment of service exposed primary reformer 体含铬量较高,保护性氧化膜在破坏后能重建,故两 heater tubes.Eng Fail Anal,2008,15(4):311 个服役条件下的炉管渗碳程度较小 03] Ul-Hamid A,Tawancy H M,Mohammed A R I,et al.Failure (3)炉管内壁外氧化膜的反复破坏和重建使亚 analysis of furnace radiant tubes exposed to excessive tempera- 表层贫铬,导致形成碳化物的临界碳浓度增加,该区 ture.Eng Fail Anal,2006,13(6)1005 碳化物分解,形成贫碳化物区,分解后多余的碳原子 14]Li T F.Metal High Temperature Oxidation and Hot Corrosion. Beijing:Chemical Industry Press,2003:139 和由渗碳进入基体的碳原子在贫化区内侧以碳化物 (李铁藩.金属高温氧化和热腐蚀.北京:化学工业出版社, 的形式析出,形成碳化物富集区. 2003:139) [15]Tian S G,Lu X D,Sun Z D.Internal oxidation and internal nit- 参考文献 ridation of Ni-base alloy with high Cr contents during high tem- [Kaya AA,Krauklis P,Young D J.Microstructure of HK40 alloy perature exposure.Chin J Nonferrous Met,2012,22(2):408北 京 科 技 大 学 学 报 第 36 卷 出,服役1. 5 a 炉管的碳化物富集区与心部基体相比 二次碳化物数量明显比心部基体多,且一次碳化物 更粗大. 随着服役时间的延长,贫化区越来越宽,碳 化物富集区前沿也向内部推进. 图 7 服役 1. 5 a 炉管碳化物富集区 Fig. 7 Carbide-rich zone of the tube serviced for 1. 5 a 从图 1( b) 和( c) 中可以看出,在两个服役炉管 的碳化物贫化区中出现了一些孔洞,这主要由以下 几点因素造成: ( 1) 炉管内壁上氧化膜的形成,致使 合金基体受到氧化膜对它的拉应力作用,容易在贫 化区晶界处产生孔洞; ( 2) 服役炉管存在氧化层、贫 化区、碳化物富集层以及心部基体四个区域,这四个 区域分别具有不同的组织形态,具有不同的热膨胀 系数和力学性质,所以当合金服役过程中受到热应 力作用,发生变形时,各区域的变形不协调,相互阻 碍,应力不能有效释放; ( 3) 炉管服役过程中受到蠕 变应力的作用,炉管的碳化物贫化区中没有析出相, 蠕变抗力较低,因此会在碳化物贫化区中优先出现 蠕变孔洞. 4 结论 ( 1) Cr35Ni45 炉管在高温服役过程中其内壁 出现了氧化层、碳化物贫化区和碳化物富集区三个 区域,其氧化行为包括 Cr 的外氧化和 Si 的内氧化, 且服役过程中外氧化膜发生反复破坏和重建. ( 2) 炉管内壁出现的渗碳行为主要由内表面结 焦引起,外氧化膜的反复破坏加剧了渗碳过程,但基 体含铬量较高,保护性氧化膜在破坏后能重建,故两 个服役条件下的炉管渗碳程度较小. ( 3) 炉管内壁外氧化膜的反复破坏和重建使亚 表层贫铬,导致形成碳化物的临界碳浓度增加,该区 碳化物分解,形成贫碳化物区,分解后多余的碳原子 和由渗碳进入基体的碳原子在贫化区内侧以碳化物 的形式析出,形成碳化物富集区. 参 考 文 献 [1] Kaya A A,Krauklis P,Young D J. Microstructure of HK40 alloy after high temperature service in oxidizing /carburizing environ￾ment. Mater Charact,2002,49: 23 [2] Khodamorad S H,Rezaie H,Sadeghipour A,et al. Analysis of ethylene cracking furnace tubes. Eng Fail Anal,2012,21: 1 [3] Voicu R,Andrieu E,Poquillon D,et al. Microstructure evolution of HP40-Nb alloys during aging under air at 1000 ℃ . Mater Char￾act,2009,60: 1020 [4] Laigo J,Christien F,Le G R,et al. SEM,EDS,EPMA-WDS and EBSD characterization of carbides in HP type heat resistant al￾loys. Mater Charact,2008,59: 1580 [5] Sustaita-Torres I A,Haro-Rodríguez S,Guerrero-Mata M P,et al. Aging of a cast 35Cr-45Ni heat resistant alloy. Mater Chem Phys, 2012,133: 1018 [6] Shi S,Lippold J C. Microstructure evolution during service expo￾sure of two cast,heat-resisting stainless steels HP-Nb modified and 20-32Nb. Mater Charact,2008,59: 1029 [7] Shen L M,Gong J M,Tang J Q,et al. Study on the carburization resistance of Cr25Ni35Nb and Cr35Ni45Nb alloys for ethylene cracking furnace tube at high temperature. J Shanghai Jiaotong Univ,2010,44( 5) : 604 ( 沈利民,巩建鸣,唐建群,等. Cr25Ni35Nb 和 Cr35Ni45Nb 裂解炉管的抗高温渗碳能力. 上海交通大学学报,2010,44 ( 5) : 604) [8] Shen L M,Geng L Y,Gong J M. Effects of aging time on me￾chanical properties and microstructure in Cr35Ni45Nb centrifugally cast austenitic steel. J Nanjing Univ Technol Nat Sci Ed,2011, 33( 2) : 28 ( 沈利民,耿鲁阳,巩建鸣. 时效时间对 Cr35Ni45Nb 离心铸 造奥氏体钢力学性能与微观组织的影响. 南京工业大学学报: 自然科学版,2011,33( 2) : 28) [9] Piekarski B. Effect of Nb and Ti additions on microstructure and identification of precipitates in stabilized Ni-Cr cast austenitic steels. Mater Charact,2001,47: 181 [10] Wang W Z,Xuan F Z,Wang Z D,et al. Effect of overheating temperature on the microstructure and creep behavior of HP40Nb alloy. Mater Des,2011,32( 7) : 4010 [11] Borjali S,Allahkaram S R,Khosravi H. Effects of working tem￾perature and carbon diffusion on the microstructure of high pres￾sure heat-resistant stainless steel tubes used in pyrolysis furnaces during service condition. Mater Des,2012,34: 65 [12] Swaminathan J,Guguloth K,Gunjan M,et al. Failure analysis and remaining life assessment of service exposed primary reformer heater tubes. Eng Fail Anal,2008,15( 4) : 311 [13] Ul-Hamid A,Tawancy H M,Mohammed A R I,et al. Failure analysis of furnace radiant tubes exposed to excessive tempera￾ture. Eng Fail Anal,2006,13( 6) : 1005 [14] Li T F. Metal High Temperature Oxidation and Hot Corrosion. Beijing: Chemical Industry Press,2003: 139 ( 李铁藩. 金属高温氧化和热腐蚀. 北京: 化学工业出版社, 2003: 139) [15] Tian S G,Lu X D,Sun Z D. Internal oxidation and internal nit￾ridation of Ni-base alloy with high Cr contents during high tem￾perature exposure. Chin J Nonferrous Met,2012,22( 2) : 408 · 0501 ·
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