574 International Organization 24- 22- 20 18- 16 14- 12- 10- 6 4- 2- 0-750750-15001500-3.0003.0004.5004.500-6.0006.000-7.5007500-9.0009,000+ GDP per capita in constant SUS(1980) FIGURE 3.Gross domestic product (GDP)per capita at the time of science policy adoption At the same time,the histograms do show that some countries create science bureaucracies at reasonably high levels of all the indicator variables.Signifi- cantly,the first instances of this science bureaucracy creation occur among this group,suggesting that demand-driven explanations may fit some of the earliest adopters of science policy.Britain,the first adopter,clearly created its Department of Science and Industrial Research in 1915 for security reasons to counter German advances in chemicals and machinery that were directly supporting the German war effort.12 The establishment of the National Science Foundation in the United States in 1950 was explicitly related to concerns about military and industrial competitiveness and was strongly influenced by the creation of the atom bomb.13 French science policymaking,as chronicled by 12.Alter,The Reluctant Patron.See also Roy McLeod and E.Kay Andrews,"The Origins of the D.S.I.R.:Reflections on Ideas and Men,1915-1916,"Public Administration,vol.48,no.1,1970,pp. 23-48;and Ian Varcoe,"Scientists,Government,and Organized Research in Great Britain 1914-1916,"pp.192-216.The United Kingdom is not included in the quantitative analysis above because science data for that country for 1915 are unavailable. 13.Dickson,The New Politics of Science.See also J.Merton England,A Patron for Pure Science: The National Science Foundation's Formative Years,1945-1957 (Washington,D.C.:National Science Foundation,1982);N.Dupree,Science in the Federal Government;Bruce Smith,American Science Policy Since World War II (Washington,D.C.:Brookings Institution,1990);and U.S. Congress,House Committee on Science and Technology,Task Force on Science Policy,A History of Science Policy in the United States,1940-1985,Science Policy Study Background Report,no.1, 99th Congress,2d sess.,1986,serial R.574 International Organization 8 3 24 22 20 18 16 14— I 8 - 6 — 4 — 2 — 0 0-750 750-1,500 1,500-3,000 3,000-4,500 4,500-6,000 6,000-7,500 7,500-9,000 9,000+ GDP per capita in constant $US (1980) FIGURE 3. Gross domestic product (GDP) per capita at the time of science policy adoption At the same time, the histograms do show that some countries create science bureaucracies at reasonably high levels of all the indicator variables. Signifi￾cantly, the first instances of this science bureaucracy creation occur among this group, suggesting that demand-driven explanations may fit some of the earliest adopters of science policy. Britain, the first adopter, clearly created its Department of Science and Industrial Research in 1915 for security reasons to counter German advances in chemicals and machinery that were directly supporting the German war effort.12 The establishment of the National Science Foundation in the United States in 1950 was explicitly related to concerns about military and industrial competitiveness and was strongly influenced by the creation of the atom bomb.13 French science policymaking, as chronicled by 12. Alter, The Reluctant Patron. See also Roy McLeod and E. Kay Andrews, "The Origins of the D.S.I.R.: Reflections on Ideas and Men, 1915-1916," Public Administration, vol. 48, no. 1,1970, pp. 23-48; and Ian Varcoe, "Scientists, Government, and Organized Research in Great Britain 1914-1916," pp. 192-216. The United Kingdom is not included in the quantitative analysis above because science data for that country for 1915 are unavailable. 13. Dickson, The New Politics of Science. See also J. Merton England, A Patron for Pure Science: The National Science Foundation's Formative Years, 1945-1957 (Washington, D.C.: National Science Foundation, 1982); N. Dupree, Science in the Federal Government; Bruce Smith, American Science Policy Since World War II (Washington, D.C.: Brookings Institution, 1990); and U.S. Congress, House Committee on Science and Technology, Task Force on Science Policy, A History of Science Policy in the United States, 1940-1985, Science Policy Study Background Report, no. 1, 99th Congress, 2d sess., 1986, serial R