Preface This collection contains twelve articles originally pub- lished in English by a merican scholars whose academic re- search focuses on Chinese legal History. These articles have been produced in the past two decades by scholars wosking in a range of disciplines, in- cluding law andhistory. We hav e selected articles that will offer Chinese scholars an op- portunity to evaluate the methodology, mate- rials, and themes that their a merican colleagues use to analy ze china s legal heritage. It is our greatest hope that this collection of translations will contribute to an ongoing international dia- logue be tween scholars who share an academic interest in the history of Chi nese law The editors wish to thank sev eral in stitutions and indi- viduals who have helped with this project. In particular we want to thank the Institute of law in the chinese a cademy of Social Sciences, China U niv ersity of Political Science and Law, and the east a sian Legal Studies Program at Harv ard U niv ersity for supporting our ef forts. The research and oublication committee at Holy Cross College and the chi nese Legal Education Committee supplied the funding for the book s translation and publication. Professors LiuＰ ｒ ｅ ｆ ａ ｃ ｅ Ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｃ ｏ ｌ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｔ ａ ｉ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｗ ｅ ｌ ｖ ｅ ａ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｃ ｌ ｅ ｓ ｏ ｒ ｉ ｇ ｉ ｎ ａ ｌ ｙ ｐ ｕ ｂ B ｌ ｉ ｓ ｈ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｎ Ｅ ｎ ｇ ｌ ｉ ｓ ｈ ｂ ｙ Ａ ｍ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｃ ａ ｎ ｓ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｌ ａ ｒ ｓ ｗ ｈ ｏ ｓ ｅ ａ ｃ ａ ｄ ｅ ｍ ｉ ｃ ｒ ｅ B ｓ ｅ ａ ｒ ｃ ｈ ｆ ｏ ｃ ｕ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｏ ｎ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ Ｌ ｅ ｇ ａ ｌ Ｈ ｉ ｓ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｙ ． Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｓ ｅ ａ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｃ ｌ ｅ ｓ ｈ ａ ｖ ｅ ｂ ｅ ｅ ｎ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｄ ｕ ｃ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｐ ａ ｓ ｔ ｔ ｗ ｏ ｄ ｅ ｃ ａ ｄ ｅ ｓ ｂ ｙ ｓ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｌ ａ ｒ ｓ ｗ ｏ ｓ ｋ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｉ ｎ ａ ｒ ａ ｎ ｇ ｅ ｏ ｆ ｄ ｉ ｓ ｃ ｉ ｐ ｌ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ， ｉ ｎ － ｃ ｌ ｕ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｌ ａ ｗ ａ ｎ ｄ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｙ ． Ｗ ｅ ｈ ａ ｖ ｅ ｓ ｅ ｌ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｅ ｄ ａ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｃ ｌ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｈ ａ ｔ ｗ ｉ ｌ ｏ ｆ ｆ ｅ ｒ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ ｓ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｌ ａ ｒ ｓ ａ ｎ ｏ ｐ B ｐ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｕ ｎ ｉ ｔ ｙ ｔ ｏ ｅ ｖ ａ ｌ ｕ ａ ｔ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｍ ｅ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｄ ｏ ｌ ｏ ｇ ｙ ， ｍ ａ ｔ ｅ － ｒ ｉ ａ ｌ ｓ ， ａ ｎ ｄ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｍ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｈ ａ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｉ ｒ Ａ ｍ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｃ ａ ｎ ｃ ｏ ｌ ｅ ａ ｇ ｕ ｅ ｓ ｕ ｓ ｅ ｔ ｏ ａ ｎ ａ ｌ ｙ ｚ ｅ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ ’ ｓ ｌ ｅ ｇ ａ ｌ ｈ ｅ ｒ ｉ ｔ ａ ｇ ｅ ． Ｉ ｔ ｉ ｓ ｏ ｕ ｒ ｇ ｒ ｅ ａ ｔ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｈ ｏ ｐ ｅ ｔ ｈ ａ ｔ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｃ ｏ ｌ ｅ ｃ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｏ ｆ ｔ ｒ ａ ｎ ｓ ｌ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｓ ｗ ｉ ｌ ｃ ｏ ｎ ｔ ｒ ｉ ｂ ｕ ｔ ｅ ｔ ｏ ａ ｎ ｏ ｎ ｇ ｏ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｎ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｌ ｄ ｉ ａ B ｌ ｏ ｇ ｕ ｅ ｂ ｅ － ｔ ｗ ｅ ｅ ｎ ｓ ｃ ｈ ｏ ｌ ａ ｒ ｓ ｗ ｈ ｏ ｓ ｈ ａ ｒ ｅ ａ ｎ ａ ｃ ａ ｄ ｅ ｍ ｉ ｃ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｙ ｏ ｆ Ｃ ｈ ｉ － ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ ｌ ａ ｗ ． Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｅ ｄ ｉ ｔ ｏ ｒ ｓ ｗ ｉ ｓ ｈ ｔ ｏ ｔ ｈ ａ ｎ ｋ ｓ ｅ ｖ ｅ ｒ ａ ｌ ｉ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｔ ｕ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｓ ａ ｎ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｄ ｉ B ｖ ｉ ｄ ｕ ａ ｌ ｓ ｗ ｈ ｏ ｈ ａ ｖ ｅ ｈ ｅ ｌ ｐ ｅ ｄ ｗ ｉ ｔ ｈ ｔ ｈ ｉ ｓ ｐ ｒ ｏ ｊ ｅ ｃ ｔ ． Ｉ ｎ ｐ ａ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｃ ｕ ｌ ａ ｒ ｗ ｅ ｗ ａ ｎ ｔ ｔ ｏ ｔ ｈ ａ ｎ ｋ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｉ ｎ ｓ ｔ ｉ ｔ ｕ ｔ ｅ ｏ ｆ Ｌ ａ ｗ ｉ ｎ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ Ａ ｃ ａ ｄ ｅ ｍ ｙ ｏ ｆ Ｓ ｏ ｃ ｉ ａ ｌ Ｓ ｃ ｉ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅ ｓ ， Ｃ ｈ ｉ ｎ ａ Ｕ ｎ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｉ ｔ ｙ ｏ ｆ Ｐ ｏ ｌ ｉ ｔ ｉ ｃ ａ ｌ Ｓ ｃ ｉ ｅ ｎ ｃ ｅ ａ ｎ ｄ Ｌ ａ ｗ ， ａ ｎ ｄ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｅ ａ ｓ ｔ Ａ ｓ ｉ ａ ｎ Ｌ ｅ ｇ ａ ｌ Ｓ ｔ ｕ ｄ ｉ ｅ ｓ Ｐ ｒ ｏ ｇ ｒ ａ ｍ ａ ｔ Ｈ ａ ｒ ｖ ａ ｒ ｄ Ｕ ｎ ｉ ｖ ｅ ｒ ｓ ｉ ｔ ｙ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｓ ｕ ｐ ｐ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｏ ｕ ｒ ｅ ｆ － ｆ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｓ ． Ｔ ｈ ｅ ｒ ｅ ｓ ｅ ａ ｒ ｃ ｈ ａ ｎ ｄ ｐ ｕ ｂ ｌ ｉ ｃ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ｃ ｏ ｍ ｍ ｉ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｅ ａ ｔ Ｈ ｏ ｌ ｙ Ｃ ｒ ｏ ｓ ｓ Ｃ ｏ ｌ ｅ ｇ ｅ ａ ｎ ｄ ｔ ｈ ｅ Ｃ ｈ ｉ B ｎ ｅ ｓ ｅ Ｌ ｅ ｇ ａ ｌ Ｅ ｄ ｕ ｃ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ Ｃ ｏ ｍ ｍ ｉ ｔ ｔ ｅ ｅ ｓ ｕ ｐ ｐ ｌ ｉ ｅ ｄ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｆ ｕ ｎ ｄ ｉ ｎ ｇ ｆ ｏ ｒ ｔ ｈ ｅ ｂ ｏ ｏ ｋ ’ ｓ ｔ ｒ ａ ｎ ｓ ｌ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ａ ｎ ｄ ｐ ｕ ｂ ｌ ｉ ｃ ａ ｔ ｉ ｏ ｎ ． Ｐ ｒ ｏ ｆ ｅ ｓ ｓ ｏ ｒ ｓ Ｌ ｉ ｕ