L8 Explanation&the Methodology Professor David Kennedy of Stanford University has argued that the cost and trauma of the Vietnam War produced a 'crisis of confidence'in the USA.Until the Vietnam War,Americans had generally felt confident in their ability to mould events through the exercise of their ingenuity,energy and vast economic resources.Vietnam proved to be a problem that they couldn't manage. The Vietnam conflict gave rise to social division and distrust of government in the US.It ended the political career of President Lyndon Johnson and his dreams of major social reform.It also produced,in the case of Richard Nixon's presidency,a siege mentality that contributed directly to the infamous Watergate Scandal (1973-74)and the resignation,in disgrace,of Nixon.Because of the Vietnam War, as part of the wider conflict in Indochina,a generation of Americans identified with anti -conscription and anti-war protest movements.Many of the social and political effects evident in the US were also present in Australia (Dennett Dixon,2003) Ex.8-2 Determine which type of explanation would most probably apply if your assignment is to write on the following topics. 1.What are the causes of increased obesity in the U.S.? 2.What would be the possible effects of the rising costs of college education? 3.What would possibly cause Americans having large credit card debt? 4.What impact does cyber bullying have on teenagers? 5.What would cause college students unable to manage their time well? 6. What is the relationship between grazing and soil protection? 7.How effective is the use of alternate punishments and praises in education? Ex.8-3 (Teamwork)Analyze the text type(s)in the Discussion of the article Pedestrians,Vehicles and Cell Phones. Pedestrians,Vehicles and Cell Phones Neider,M.B.,McCarley,J.S.,Crowell,J.A., Kaczmarski,H.,and Kramer,A.F.(2010) Accident Analysis &Prevention,42,589-594 4.Discussion Field studies (e.g,[Hatfield and Murphy,2007]and [Nasar et al.,2008]) have observed that pedestrians make more unsafe street crossings when conversing on a cell phone than when undistracted.Our findings provide partial experimental confirmation of these observations.Participants were less likely to successfully cross the street in our task when they were conversing on a cell phone than when they were listening to music on an iPod.Furthermore,engaging in a cell phone conversation while crossing the street led to higher time out rates in our virtual street-crossing task than did listening to music or performing the task distracted.Additionally,participants took more time to initiate a crossing when conversing on a cell phone,and walked more slowly during crossing.The last result is consistent with data from field studies of pedestrian street crossing that 3/10L8 Explanation & the Methodology 3 / 10 Professor David Kennedy of Stanford University has argued that the cost and trauma of the Vietnam War produced a ‘crisis of confidence’ in the USA. Until the Vietnam War, Americans had generally felt confident in their ability to mould events through the exercise of their ingenuity, energy and vast economic resources. Vietnam proved to be a problem that they couldn’t manage. The Vietnam conflict gave rise to social division and distrust of government in the US. It ended the political career of President Lyndon Johnson and his dreams of major social reform. It also produced, in the case of Richard Nixon’s presidency, a siege mentality that contributed directly to the infamous Watergate Scandal (1973‐74) and the resignation, in disgrace, of Nixon. Because of the Vietnam War, as part of the wider conflict in Indochina, a generation of Americans identified with anti‐conscription and anti‐war protest movements. Many of the social and political effects evident in the US were also present in Australia. (Dennett & Dixon, 2003) Ex. 8-2 Determine which type of explanation would most probably apply if your assignment is to write on the following topics. 1. What are the causes of increased obesity in the U.S.? 2. What would be the possible effects of the rising costs of college education? 3. What would possibly cause Americans having large credit card debt? 4. What impact does cyber bullying have on teenagers? 5. What would cause college students unable to manage their time well? 6. What is the relationship between grazing and soil protection? 7. How effective is the use of alternate punishments and praises in education? Ex. 8-3 (Teamwork) Analyze the text type(s) in the Discussion of the article Pedestrians, Vehicles and Cell Phones. Pedestrians, Vehicles and Cell Phones Neider, M.B., McCarley, J.S., Crowell, J.A., Kaczmarski, H., and Kramer, A.F.(2010) Accident Analysis &Prevention, 42, 589-594 4. Discussion Field studies (e.g., [Hatfield and Murphy, 2007] and [Nasar et al., 2008]) have observed that pedestrians make more unsafe street crossings when conversing on a cell phone than when undistracted. Our findings provide partial experimental confirmation of these observations. Participants were less likely to successfully cross the street in our task when they were conversing on a cell phone than when they were listening to music on an iPod. Furthermore, engaging in a cell phone conversation while crossing the street led to higher time out rates in our virtual street-crossing task than did listening to music or performing the task distracted. Additionally, participants took more time to initiate a crossing when conversing on a cell phone, and walked more slowly during crossing. The last result is consistent with data from field studies of pedestrian street crossing that