1.12A The Structure of Methane sp3 Hybridization The 4 sp3 orbitals should be oriented at angles of 109.5° with respect to each other. An sp3-Hybridized carbon gives a tetrahedral structure for methane, and with four equivalent C—H bonds

More environment-friendly methods Natural insect attractants — instead pesticide Less reactive compounds organic refrigerants and aerosol propellant — instead Freon (that destroy the Earth’s ozone layer) Cars with more efficient combustion engines — reduce the massive amount of automobile

Esters, like aldehydes and ketones, are weakly acidic. When an ester with an alpha hydrogen is treated with one equivalent of a base such as sodium ethoxide, a reversible condensation reaction occurs to yield a β−keto ester product. This reaction between two ester components is known as the Claisen condensation reaction

Carboxylic acids are just one member of a class of acyl derivatives, RCOY, where the acyl group is bonded to an electronegatives substituent -Y that can act as a leaving group in substitution reactions. Numerous acyl derivatives are possible, but we’ll be concerned only with four of the more common ones, in addition to carboxylic acids themselves: acid halides, acid anhydrides, esters, and amides

含氮有机物 1、硝基化合物 Nitro Compunds 2、酰胺 Amides 3、腈 Nitriles 4、肟 Oximes 5、胺 Amines 6、重氮和偶氮化合物 Diazonium Salts &Azo compounds

（四） Acylation and Sulfonylation

Acylation and Sulfonylation Applications 一、药物合成中的应用

根据分子中胺基的数目 一、一元胺 二、多元胺

Classification Naming CH-NH CHE CH,NH mcthyLaminecthyLamine甲(基)胺ethylamine乙胺

一、醛酮的分类和命名 二、醛酮的结构 三、醛酮的物理性质 四、醛酮的化学性质