山东第一医科大学（泰山医学院）：《生物化学》课程实验指导 Biochemistry Experiment Direction（英文，打印版）

Preface The BIOTOL series of texts are designed to provide a self-study resource concerning the principles, practices and applications of biotechnology. This text is designed to explain how biotechnology may be applied to solve problems encountered in the production and use of organic chemicals in a wide range of business sectors

The BIOTOL team This series of books has been developed through a collaboration between the Open universiteit of the OPEN UNIVERSITEIT, THE NETHERLANDS Netherlands and University of Green wich (formerly Thames Polytechnic)to provide a whole Prof M C E. van Dam-Mieras library of advanced level fle rof w. H. de jeu exible learning Prof ]. de vries

solar energy as the driving force for this global process (Fig. 1). All living organisms also require a source of nitro￾gen, which is necessary for the synthesis of amino acids, nucleotides, and other compounds. Plants can generally use either ammonia or nitrate as their sole source of ni￾trogen, but vertebrates must obtain nitrogen in the form

yielding metabolism in aerobic organisms. All oxi￾dative steps in the degradation of carbohydrates, fats, and amino acids converge at this final stage of cellular respiration, in which the energy of oxidation drives the synthesis of ATP. Photophosphorylation is the means by which photosynthetic organisms capture the energy of sunlight—the ultimate source of energy in the bio￾sphere—and harness it to make ATP. Together

6.1 An Introduction to Enzymes 191 H20 in the presence of oxygen is a highly exergonic 6.2 How Enzymes Work 193 process, releasing free energy that we can use to think an I 6.3 Enzyme Kinetics as an Approach to Understanding main on the shelf for years without any obvious con-

Linacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 SDP a division of reed Educational an Q Amember of the Reed Elsevier plc group OXFORD BOSTON JOHANNESBURG MELBOURNE NEW DELHI SINGAPORE Reed Educational and Professional Publishing Ltd 1997 medium by electronic means and whether or ot transiently or incidentally to some other use of this

1. The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and ribonucleic acid (RNA), are polymers of nucleotide units 1.1 DNA consists of four kinds of deoxyribonucleotide units linked together through covalent bonds 1.1.1 Each nucleotide unit is made of a nitrogenous base (the various part in the four different deoxyribonucleotides), a pentose sugar and a phosphate group

1. Carbohydrates are aldehyde or ketone compounds with multiple hydroxyl groups or substances that can yield such compounds on hydrolysis(p. 293) 1.1 Carbohydrates are the most abundant biomolecules on earth and have multiple roles in all forms of life. 1.1.1 Carbohydrates serve as energy stores (e.g., starch in plants, glycogen in animals), fuels (e.g., glucose), and metabolic intermediates (e.., ATP, many coenzymes)

1. Early studies on the peptide(protein) structure 1.1 The peptide(o=c-n-h) bond was found to be shorter than the C-N bond in a simple amine and atoms attached are coplanar. 1.1.1 This was revealed by X-ray diffraction studies of amino acids and of simple dipeptides and tripeptides