一、物质的组成(Substance Construction) 物质由无数微粒(Particles)聚集而成 分子(Molecule):单独存在保存物质化学特性 d20=0.2nmm(2)为2M(protein)为百万 原子(Atom):化学变化中最小微粒

本文系统地介绍了我国高速铁路基础设施服役状态检测技术的最新研究成果及试验应用情况,包括高速铁路线上线下设施、牵引变电设备、接触网等基础设施服役状态监测与检测技术和装备,数据接入网技术和综合分析评估系统此外,归纳了研究取得的基于超声导波的钢轨绝对应力及完整性监测评估技术等关键技术突破和基于多源数据整合的高速铁路检测与监测系统等主要创新点

利用某线预设不平顺试验实测的轨道不平顺和车体加速度数据对模型和方法进行验证,结果表明新的诊断方法能准确有效地找出分布在随机信号中的周期性几何不平顺,同时能较好地评价周期性几何不平顺状态,并反映其对车辆动态响应的影响随速度变化而变化的特性

阐述了铁路混凝土结构耐久性的特点,系统地总结了铁路混凝土结构耐久性研究的最新进展,分析了我国高速铁路混凝土结构耐久性存在的问题,指出了我国高速铁路混凝土结构耐久性技术的发展趋势

Paulings three rules governing the structure of ionic compounds 1. Anion Coordination polyhedron rule Each cation is surrounded by an anion polyhedron, the distance between anion and cation is r=rt tr, while the cn depends on rt/r

3. Application of Schmid's law How to determine the active S.S. for all the equivalent S.S. 2 Determine the active S.S. by Reflection Rule. Orientation cell for cubic crystals. Given: BCC Crystal having {110}slip system. Determine: active slip system in response to tensile loading along

1. Sing le crystal ver sus po l crystal 1. For single crystals there is only one type of structure with same orientation Single crystals is characterized by anisotropy 2. Polycrystal consists of a lot of grain, small single crystals, With same structure but different orientations. These small single crystals are called grains. The boundaries between them are called grain boundaries

Introduction 1. Definition: Fis a fictitious force which is supposed to be responsible for the motion of dislocation. Fll Criterion: The work done on crystal by stress must be equal to that done on dislocation by force F. 2. Principle of derivation of F: Macroscopic work=microscopic work (or deformation work)

2.1 要点扫描 2.1.1 点缺陷及其平衡浓度 2.1.2 位错的基本类型及柏氏矢量 2.1.3 位错的应力场 2.1.4 位错的弹性能和线张力 2.1.5 作用在位错上的力和 Peach-Koehler 公式 2.1.6 位错间的交互作用 2.1.7 位错的起动力——Peirls-Nabarro 力 2.1.8 FCC 晶体中的位错 2.1.9 位错反应 2.1.10 HCP、BCC 及其他晶体中的位错 2.1.11 晶体中的界面与表面 2.1.12 位错的观察及位错理论的应用 2.2 难点释疑 2.2.1 柏氏矢量的守恒性 2.3 解题示范 2.4 习题训练

2.7 Some Important Crystallographic Formulas 1. Zone and zone equation All Planes parellel to common axis [uvw] constitute a (crystal) zone, the [u v w] zone. If (h k l) belongs to zone [u v w], then hukv+=0 2.ifhuk+hw=0,then[uvw] lies in(hk) 3. For cubic crystals, [h (h k)