4.1 There are four C. H, alkyl groups, and so there are four C. H, CI alkyl chlorides. Each may be named by both the functional class and substitutive methods. The functional class name uses the name of the alkyl group followed by the halide as a second word. The substitutive name modifies the name of the corresponding alkane to show the location of the halogen atom

SOLUTIONS TO TEXT PROBLEMS 2.1 A carbonyl group is=. Of the two carbonyl functions in prostaglandin E one belongs to the ketone family, the other to the carboxylic acids. Ketone OH Carboxylic acid functional group

A-6.(a) has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms N Bra has only one sp-hybridized carbon atom A-7 A-8. A-9.(a)

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PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE A Selected Physical Properties of Representative Hydrocarbons Boiling Molecular Structural Melting Compound name formula point,C Alkanes Methane 182.5 Ethane CH CH3CH3

ipids differ from the other classes of naturally occurring biomolecules (carbohy- drates, proteins, and nucleic acids)in that they are more soluble in non-to-weakly polar solvents(diethyl ether, hexane, dichloromethathan they are in water.they include a variety of structural types, a collection of which is introduced in this chapter. In spite of the number of different structural types, lipids share a common biosyn- thetic origin in that they are ultimately derived from glucose. During one stage of car- bohydrate metabolism, called glycolysis, glucose is converted to lactic acid. Pyruvic acid is an intermediate

henols are compounds that have a hydroxyl group bonded directly to benzene or benzenoid ring. The parent compound of this group, C6H,OH, called simply phe- nol, is an important industrial chemical. Many of the properties of phenols are anal- ogous to those of alcohols, but this similarity is something of an oversimplification.Like arylamine

itrogen-containing compounds are essential to life. Their ultimate source is atmo- spheric nitrogen which, by a process known as nitroge. nitrogen fixation, is reduce ced to ammonia, then converted to organic nitrogen compounds. This chapter describes the chemistry of amines, organic derivatives of ammonia. Alkylamines have their nitro- gen attached to sp'-hybridized carbon; arylamines have their nitrogen attached to an sp2-hybridized carbon of a benzene or benzene-like ring

ACYL SUBSTITUTION his chapter differs from preceding ones in that it deals with several related classes of compounds rather than just one. Included are 1. Acyl chlorides, RCCI 2. Carboxylic acid anhydrides, RCOCR 3. Esters of carboxylic acids, RCOR'99