How Should a Monopoly Price? So far a monopoly has been thought of as a firm which has to sell its product at the same price to every customer. This is uniform pricing. Can price-discrimination （差别定价 ）earn a monopoly higher profits?

第一节 厂商 第二节 生产函数 第三节 一种可变生产要素的生产函数 第四节 两种可变生产要素的生产函数 第五节 等成本线 第六节 最优的生产要素的组合 第七节 规模报酬

第一节 垄断 第二节 垄断竞争 第三节 寡头 第四节 寡头厂商之间的博弈：博弈论初步 第五节 不同市场的比较

第一节 完全竞争厂商使用生产要素的原则 第二节 完全竞争厂商对生产要素的需求曲线 第三节 从厂商的需求曲线到市场的需求曲线 第四节 对供给方面的概述 第五节 劳动供给曲线和工资率的决定 第六节 土地的供给曲线和地租的决定 第七节 资本的供给曲线和利息的决定 第八节 洛伦兹曲线和基尼系数

第一节 效用论概述 第二节 无差异曲线 第三节 预算线 第四节 消费者的均衡 第五节 价格变化和收入变化对消费者均 衡的影响 第六节 替代效应和收入效应 第七节 从单个消费者的需求曲线到市场 需求曲线 第八节 不确定性和风险

Structure Types of cost curves – Fixed, variable and total cost functions – Average fixed, average variable and average cost functions Marginal cost functions Marginal and variable cost functions Marginal and average cost functions Short run and long run cost curves

then there exists AE R\ such that (Kuhn-Tucker condition) G(s') =0 and 1. Lagrange Method for Constrained Optimization FOC: D.L(,\)=0. The following classical theorem is from Takayama(1993, p.114). Theorem A-4 (Sufficieney). Let f and, i= ,..m, be quasi-concave, where Theorem A-1. (Lagrange). For f: and G\\, consider the following G=(.8 ) Let r' satisfy the Kuhn-Tucker condition and the FOC for (A.2). Then, x' problem is a global maximum point if max f() (1)Df(x') =0, and f is locally twice continuously differentiable,or

Production Plans with Multiple Outputs Lety≡(m,,…,ym) be a net output vector, YArn be a convex set,G:Y→R be twice differentiable Production possibility set:{y∈Y|G(y)≤0} Assumption 1.1. Gy (y)>0, Vi,yEY. Proposition 1. 12. Production frontier yEY G(y)=0 contains technologically efficient production plans Definition 1.1. Marginal rate of transformation

Social welfare function W: Rn-R gives social utility W(u1, u2,. un ). W is strictly increasing is socially optimal if it solves max Wu(a1), u2(a2),., un(n) st>Tis>w Proposition 1.29. If is SO, it is PO. I Proposition 1. 30. Suppose that preferences are continuous, strictly monotonic, and strictly convex. Then, for any PO allocation x* with >>0,v i, there exist ai

This formula applies to any type of firms in the output market 1. Competitive Output Market Competitive industry: Many firms: Firms are independent of each other in decision making Identical product: Each firm faces a horizontal demand curve at the market price Free entry: Zero profit in the long run A competitive firm takes the market price as given. For a given market price p