语用前提又叫预设，它是推导语用含义必有的一种已知信息。 这种已知信息可能是交际双方共知的，或至少是听到话语之后 可以根据语境推断出来的信息。因此，它往往是包含在语句的 意思之中，一般无须在语句的字面上表现

第四节语用含义 一、语用含义的性质 (一)会话含义和语用含义! 会话是说话人和听话人在同一时空范围内共同进行的有一定 指向和意图的语用行为,具有时间同一性和空间限制性。 会话含义有两种:一般含义和特殊含义。一般含义是指从字 面意义中可以体会出来的,它不需要比较复杂的分析就能够 理解。 语用含义指的是特殊含义

第节语义关系 一、语义的聚合 (一)语义场具有共同语义特征,在语义上处于互相 联系和制约关系中的一群词的聚合。 例如,父亲、母亲、哥哥、姐姐、妹妹、舅舅、姑 姑等都有“亲属”的义素。 二、语义场的特点:1.系统性2.层次性 三、语义场研究的意义 1语义场不是孤立地研究个别词义现象,而是以系统的观点 ,相互联系的角度研究各种词义现象。它有助于人们更全 面深地了解词义之间的关系。 2语义场是义素分析的基础和依托,义素分析必须在语义场 中行,它有助于义素分析的科学性严密性和准确性

第二节词的词汇意义 一、词义的性质由词的语音形式固定下来的人们对客观事物或它们之间关系的认识与评价

Prof. Sally Haslanger December 2, 2001 Kantian Ethics (and more on famine) So far we've looked at egoist and utilitarian approaches to ethics. The main objection we considered to egoism was that it failed to accommodate the common sense idea that morality involves a kind of impartiality, at the very least it seems that

Particularism and virtue ethics I. Universalism and Particularism We've considered before some basic questions that we would expect a moral theory to answer i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understanding the\ought\as a moral

December 10. 2001 (Meta-Ethical Subjectivism(or Non-cognitivism) For the past couple of weeks we have been focusing on the following questions i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform? ii)What makes an action right or wrong? What about the action determines its moral status? Our third question has received less attention

November 21, 2001 Ethical Egoism Here are three questions (of course there are others)we might want an ethical theory to answer for us: i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understandir the\ought\ as moral \ought\)? ii)What makes a particular action right or wrong? What is it about the action that determines its moral status? ii)How do we know what is right and wrong? Remember that according to relativism, whether an action is right or wrong

November 29, 2001 Duty and Famine: Singer Last time we considered Mill's version of Utilitarianism, called Eudaimonistic Utilitarianism characterized by what he calls \the greatest-happiness principle\: You ought always to act so as to maximize happiness, i.e., the right act is the act that results in the greatest amount of happiness overall. The \greatest-happiness principle\, however, just states one version of Utilitarianism. Other versions of

Utilitarianism Last time we considered three questions one might ask an ethical theory to answer i)Which acts are right and which are wrong? Which acts ought we to perform(understanding the\ought as a moral ii)What makes a particular action right or wrong? What is it about the action that determines its moral status? 111) How do we know what is right and wrong? There are a variety of strategies for answering(iii). One might hold e. g. that moral truths are revealed by god and