First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）

7-7 分子平均碰撞次数和平均自由程 7-8 气体的迁移现象 7-9 实际气体的范德瓦耳斯方程 7-10 热力学第二定律的统计意义

Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic form (either a racemate or a racemic mixture). A racemic form shows no rotation of plane￾polarized light

Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other

Chapter 1: Plasmids and Their Usefulness in Molecular Cloning Chapter 2: Bacteriophage and Its Vectors Chapter 3: Working with Bacteriophage M13 Vectors Chapter 4: Working with High-Capacity Vectors Chapter 5: Gel Electrophoresis of DNA and Pulsed-Field Agarose Chapter 6: Preparation and Analysis of Eukaryotic Genomic DNA Chapter 7: Extraction, Purification, and Analysis of mRNA from Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 8: In Vitro Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Chapter 9: Preparation of Radiolabeled DNA and RNA Probes Chapter 10: Working with Synthetic Oligonucleotide Probes Chapter 11: Preparation of cDNA Libraries and Gene Identification Chapter 12: DNA Sequencing Chapter 13: Mutagenesis Chapter 14: Screening Expression Libraries Chapter 15: Expression of Cloned Genes in Escherichia coli Chapter 16: Introducing Cloned Genes into Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 17: Analysis of Gene Expression in Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 18: Protein Interaction Technologies

Chapter 5A. The Movement of Substances Across cell membranes Learning Obiectives 1. Principles of membrane transport 2. Passive transport and active transport; 3. Two main classes of membrane transport proteins Carriers and Channels

强电解质(a≈100%的物质,溶液中无分子状态) ·达饱和溶解度时:结晶(s)=溶解()平衡多相 易溶强电解质(NaCl),溶解度(中学)不讲 难溶强电解质(AgCl):

其蒸气压、熔点、沸点、(渗透压)与浓度的关系很简单。 （一）溶液的蒸气压下降 1、纯固体、纯液体的蒸气压 挥发因热运动部分高能分子克服表面张力逃逸出来

1.Genes can be mutated in many ways The most common gene change involves a single base mismatch--a misspelling--placing the wrong base in the DNA. At other times, a single base may be dropped or added. And sometimes large pieces of DNA are mistakenly repeated or deleted