一、命名下列化合物： 4,4－二甲基－5－乙基辛烷

厦门大学化学化工学院：《有机化学》课程教学资源（课件讲稿，双语版）第二章 烷烃、环烷烃及其构象 Alkanes, Cycloalkanes And Their Conformations 2.2 环烷烃 Cycloalkanes

Cycloalkanes with only one ring are named by attaching the prefix cyclo- to the names of the alkanes possessing the same number of carbon atoms

The different arrangements of atoms caused by rotation about a single bond are called conformations (构象)of the molecule, and a specific conformation is called a conformer (构象异构体, conformation isomer). An analysis of the energy changes that a molecule undergoes as groups rotate about single bonds is called a conformational analysis (构象分析)

1 乙烷构象的表示方法：乙烷的构象，可用下列几种透视图来表示：伞形式是眼睛 垂直于 C−C 键轴方向看，实线表示键在纸面上，虚线表示键伸向纸面后方，锲形线表 示键伸向纸面前方；锯架式是从 C−C 键轴斜 45˚方向看，每个碳原子上的其它三根键夹 角均为 120˚。纽曼式是从 C−C 键的轴线上看。（参见书上 82 页）其它烷烃的表示方法 可类推

1 乙烷构象的表示方法：乙烷的构象，可用下列几种透视图来表示：伞形式是眼睛 垂直于 C−C 键轴方向看，实线表示键在纸面上，虚线表示键伸向纸面后方，锲形线表 示键伸向纸面前方；锯架式是从 C−C 键轴斜 45˚方向看，每个碳原子上的其它三根键夹 角均为 120˚。纽曼式是从 C−C 键的轴线上看。（参见书上 82 页）其它烷烃的表示方法 可类推

Valence & Hybridization The number of atoms which are typically bonded to a given atom is termed the valence of that atom. Thus, in the examples shown below, hydrogen would have a valence of one, oxygen would have a valence of two, nitrogen and boron would have a valence of three

1. 熟练掌握一元卤代烷烃的化学性质及其结构与性质间的关系。 2. 掌握卤代烃的主要制备方法。 3. 掌握亲核取代反应历程及其影响因素，能正确判断

7.1 卤代烃的分类 7.2 卤代烃的命名 7.3 卤代烃的物理性质 7.4 卤代烷烃的化学性质 7.5 卤代烯烃的结构和化学性质

The primary source of alkanes is petroleum Natural gas consists chiefly of methane, but ethane, propane, butane, and isobutane are also present. Petroleum is a complex mixture of hydrocarbons that must be refined into different fraction before it can be used