本章研究在农业、矿业以及建筑业等 以土地为主要生产资料的经济部门土地 所有权的收入——地租——的性质、形 成原因、最终源泉、及占有方式等问题。 揭示在这些部门土地所有权、租地资本 家、雇佣工人三者之间的经济利益关系

Cryptographic protocol – Distributed algorithm – Based on cryptographic building blocks – To achieve a security related goal Examples: – Entity Authentication – Key Establishment:Key Distribution(Key enveloping, Key transport), Key agreement – Electronic Payment

Originally designed to be efficient in hardware . A LOT of money has been invested in hardware. although DES standard is public there was considerable controversy over design – in choice of 56-bit key (vs Lucifer 128-bit) – and because design criteria were classified

Modular arithmetic – Used to define a finite field – a = b mod n means that if a and b are divided by n they produce the same remainder – a*b mod n can result in 0 even if a and b are not 0

Digital Signatures and Message Authentication Code (MAC) overview Suppose Alice and Bob share a secret key k which determines hash function hk Alice sends (x, y) to Bob where y = hk

Definition: Group A set G of elements and operator @ form a group if: for all x,y in G, x @ y is also in G (inclusion) there is an identity element e such that for all x in G, e@x = x for all x in G, there is an inverse element x

A. J. Menezes, P. C. van Oorschot and S. A. Vanstone. Handbook of Applied Cryptography, CRC Press, 1997. Bruce Schneier. Applied Cryptography, Second Edition: Protocols, Algorthms, and Source Code in C (cloth) John Wiley & Sons, Inc.) 1996 Douglas R. Stinson, Cryptography (Theory and Practice), CRC Press 1995 Resources

Diffie-Hellman Diffie-Hellman is a public key distribution scheme First public-key type scheme, proposed in 1976. W Diffie, M E Hellman, \New directions in Cryptography\, IEEE Trans. Information

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