内耳迷路中除耳蜗外,还有三个半规管、椭圆囊和球囊,后三者合称为前庭器官,是人体对自身运动状态和头在空间位置的感受 机体进行旋转或直线变速运动时,速度的变化(包括正、负加速度)会刺激三个半规圆或椭圆囊中的感受细胞:当头的位置和地球引力 的作用方向出现相对关系的改变时,就会刺激球囊中的感受细胞

一、内分泌与内分泌腺 内分泌系统是由内分泌腺和分散存在 于某些组织器官中的内分泌细胞组成 的一个体内信息传递系统，它与神经 系统密切联系，相互配合，共同调节 机体的各种功能活动，维持内环境的 相对稳定

Part I Human Organization 1 Organization of the Body 2 Chemistry of Life 3 Cell Structure and Function 4 Body Tissues and Membranes 5 The Integumentary System Part II Support and Movement 6 The Skeletal System 7 The Muscular System Part III Integration and Coordination 8 The Nervous System 9 The Sensory System 10 The Endocrine System Part IV Maintenance of the Body 11 Blood 12 The Circulatory System 13 The Lymphatic System and Immunity 14 The Respiratory System 15 The Digestive System 16 The Urinary System Part V Reproduction and Development 17 The Reproductive System 18 Human Development and Birth 19 Human Genetics Appendices A Reference Figures: The Human Organism B Understanding Medical Terminology C Answers to MedAlert Questions D Further Readings

Using the Road Map Series for Successful Review . 1. Cell Physiology. I. Plasma Membrane II. Ion Channels III. Cell Signaling IV. Membrane Potential V. Structure of Skeletal Muscle VI. Neuromuscular and Synaptic Transmission VII. Smooth Muscle Clinical Problems Answers 2. Cardiovascular Physiology I. General Principles II. Hemodynamics III. Electrophysiology IV. Cardiac Muscle and Cardiac Output V. Cardiac Cycle with Pressures and ECG VI. Regulation of Arterial Pressure VII. Control Mechanisms and Special Circulations VIII. Integrative Function Clinical Problems Answers 3. Respiratory Physiology. I. Lung Volumes and Capacities II. Muscles of Breathing III. Lung Compliance IV. Components of Lung Recoil V. Airway Resistance

食糜由胃进入十二指肠后,即开始了小肠内的消化。小肠内消化是整个消化过程中最重要的阶段。在这里,食糜受到胰液、胆汁和小肠液的化学性消化以及小肠运动的机械性消化。许多营 养物质也都在这一部位被吸收入机体。因此,食物通过小肠,消化过程基本完成。未被消化的食物残渣,从小肠进入大肠

1. Studying the Nervous Systems of Humans and Other Animals 1 UNIT I NEURAL SIGNALING 2. Electrical Signals of Nerve Cells 31 3. Voltage-Dependent Membrane Permeability 47 4. Channels and Transporters 69 5. Synaptic Transmission 93 6. Neurotransmitters, Receptors, and Their Effects 129 7. Molecular Signaling within Neurons 165 UNIT II SENSATION AND SENSORY PROCESSING 8. The Somatic Sensory System 189 9. Pain 209 10. Vision: The Eye 229 11. Central Visual Pathways 259 12. The Auditory System 283 13. The Vestibular System 315 14. The Chemical Senses 337 UNIT III MOVEMENT AND ITS CENTRAL CONTROL 15. Lower Motor Neuron Circuits and Motor Control 371 16. Upper Motor Neuron Control of the Brainstem and Spinal Cord 393 17. Modulation of Movement by the Basal Ganglia 417 18. Modulation of Movement by the Cerebellum 435 19. Eye Movements and Sensory Motor Integration 453 20. The Visceral Motor System 469 UNIT IV THE CHANGING BRAIN 21. Early Brain Development 501

CHAPTER 1 Introduction to the Human Body CHAPTER 2 Cellular Chemistry CHAPTER 3 Cell Structure and Function CHAPTER 4 Tissues CHAPTER 5 Integumentary System CHAPTER 6 Skeletal System CHAPTER 7 Muscle Tissue and Mode of Contraction CHAPTER 8 Muscular System CHAPTER 9 Nervous Tissue CHAPTER 10 Central Nervous System CHAPTER 11 Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous Systems CHAPTER 12 Sensory Organs CHAPTER 13 Endocrine System CHAPTER 14 Cardiovascular System: Blood CHAPTER 15 Cardiovascular System:The Heart CHAPTER 16 Cardiovascular System:Vessels and Blood Circulation CHAPTER 17 Lymphatic System and Body Immunity CHAPTER 18 Respiratory System CHAPTER 19 Digestive System CHAPTER 20 Metabolism, Nutrition, and Temperature Regulation CHAPTER 21 Urinary System CHAPTER 22 Water and Electrolyte Balance CHAPTER 23 Reproductive System Index

1. General Physiological Processes 2. Muscle 3. Blood 4. Autonomic Nervous System 5. Respiration 6. Cardiovascular Physiology 7. Body Fluids and Electrolytes 8. Gastrointestinal System 9. Endocrine System 10. Fuel Metabolism and Nutrition 11. Reproduction and Sexual Function 12. Fertilization, Pregnancy, and Lactation 13. Mineral Metabolism, Bone, and Connective Tissue

1 Fundamentals and Cell Physiology 2 Nerve and Muscle, Physical Work 3 Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 4 Blood 5 Respiration 6 Acid–Base Homeostasis 7 Kidneys, Salt, and Water Balance 8 Cardiovascular System 9 Thermal Balance and Thermoregulation 10 Nutrition and Digestion 11 Hormones and Reproduction 12 Central Nervous System and Senses 13 Appendix Further Reading Index

第一章 绪论 第二章 细胞的基本功能 第三章 血液 第四章 血液循环 第五章 呼吸 第六章 消化和吸收 第八章 尿的生成和排出 第九章 神经系统的功能 第十章 内分泌 第十一章 生殖