cycloalkanes General formula CnH2n+2 for alkanes C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane General formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes (环烷烃） CnH2n Cyclopropane

1. How to find benzene? 2. Kekule(克库勒）was the first torecognize that these early aromaticcompounds all contain a six-carbonunit

Carbodydrares: polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller simpler carbohydrates

Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them

5.1 Isomerism: Constitutionalisomers and Stereoisomers 5.2 Enantiomers and chiral

7.1 Introduction 7.2 Homolytic bond dissociation nergies 7.3 The reactions of alkanes with halogens

We shall study other examples of additions to the double bonds of alkenes. We begin with the additions of hydrogen halides, sulfuric acid, water (in the presence of an acid catalyst), and halogens

8.1 Introduction Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes

15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

Except for formaldehyde, the simplest aldehyde, all aldehydes have a carbonyl group, C=O, bonded on one side to a carbon, and on the other side to a hydrogen. In ketones, the carbonyl group is situated between two carbon atoms