教学目标与要求：要求掌握微生物代谢的特点、微生物发酵和呼吸的概念及其主要类型；掌握微生物的生命活动过程中的物质与能量的转换机理,进而理解微生物呼吸与发酵的实质；重点掌握化能异养微生物的产能方式；了解细菌的光合作用和化能自养微生物的产能方式；了解微生物对有机物的分解代谢、了解生物固氮作用和生物的代谢活动在人类生活及生产中的应用,理解微生物的代谢调节。微生物的生命活动过程中的物质与能量的转换机理和微生物特有的合成代谢途径是本章的难点

课程简介:本门课程是农学、植保和园艺专业的专业基础课,是生物科学方面的基础理 论知识。它是农、林、园艺、园林等专业必选课程。在分子水平探索生命本质给予生命 科学无可限量的活力和发展前景,而生物化学所研究的正是生命过程的分子基础。过去的 半个世纪生物学飞速发展的历史雄辩地证明,生物化学不仅是生命科学的带头学科之一, 而且在医学、工农业生产、生物工程等领域得到广泛应用。权威人士预言,二十一世纪将 是生命科学的时代。因此,当今世界各发达国家和许多发展中国家都十分重视生命科学的 研究与教育,早把生物化学列为各有关专业必修的重要基础课。我国高等农业院校农学 类专业自八十年代初普遍开设了“基础生物化学”,对于改善学生的知识构成、提高适应 能力、增强发展后劲、缩小与国内外先进水平的差距起到了积极的作用

TOPIC 1 Principles of Transcriptional Regulation [watch the animation] TOPIC 2 Regulation of Transcription Initiation: Examples from Bacteria (Lac operon, alternative s factors, NtrC,MerR, Gal rep, araBAD operon) TOPIC 3 Examples of Gene Regulation after Transcription Initiation (Trp operon) TOPIC 4 The Case of Phage λ: Layers of Regulation

Similarity of regulation between eukaryotes and prokaryote 1.Principles are the same: • signals (信号), • activators and repressors (激活蛋白和阻 遏蛋白) • recruitment and allostery, cooperative binding (招募，异构和协同结合) 2. The gene expression steps subjected to regulation are similar, and the initiation of transcription is the most pervasively regulated step

◼ What are the main challenges of translation and how do organisms overcome them? ◼ What is the organization of nucleotide sequence information in mRNA? ◼ What is the structure of tRNAs, and how do aminoacyl tRNA synthetases recognize and attach the correct amino acids to each tRNA? ◼ How does the ribosome orchestrate the translation process?

Most of the eukaryotic genes are mosaic (嵌合体), consisting of intervening sequences separating the coding sequence ◼ Exons (外显子): the coding sequences ◼ Introns (内含子) : the intervening sequences ◼ RNA splicing: the process by which introns are removed from the pre￾mRNA. ◼ Alternative splicing (可变剪接): some pre-mRNAs can be spliced in more than one way , generating alternative mRNAs. 60% of the human genes are spliced in this manner

Although DNA replication, repair, homologous recombination occur with high fidelity to ensure the genome identity between generations, there are genetic processes that rearrange DNA sequences and thus lead to a more dynamic genome structure Two classes of genetic recombination for DNA rearrangement: • Conservative site-specific recombination (CSSR): recombination between two defined sequence elements • Transpositional recombination (Transposition): recombination between specific sequences and nonspecific DNA sites

1. Please define the term “mutation”, and list the major types of DNA mutations and their corresponding phenotypic effects. (20 points) 2. Please define the term “DNA lesion”. Please list the three types of DNA lesions and the chemical or physical mutagens cause these lesions. (20 points)

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)

Q1. Prokaryotic cell E. coli consists of a single closed-circular DNA molecule of 4.6 x 106 bp long. This DNA molecule would be 1.6 mm if the double helix is relaxed. Please describe what strategies does E. coli use to pack such a long molecules into its nucleoid less than a micrometer (mm) in diameter. (20 points)