第一节 世界新技术革命与生物技术在农业上的应用 第二节 体外培养 第三节 体细胞杂交与无性系突变的利用 第四节 外源基因转化和转导在作物育种中的应用 第五节 分子标记在作物育种中的应用 第六节 人工种子

一、骨骼肌的物理特性 伸展性：骨骼肌在受到外力牵拉或负重时可被拉长的特性。 弹性：而当外力或负重取消后，肌肉的长度又可恢复的特性。 粘滞性：肌浆内各分子之间的相互摩擦作用所产生的特性

本标准规定了凯氏氮的气相分子吸收测定方法。 本标准为首次制订。 本标准由国家环境保护总局科技标准司提出。 本标准由上海宝钢工业检测公司宝钢环境监测站起草。 本标准国家环保总局 2005 年 11 月 9 日批准

芳烃，也叫芳香烃，一般是指分子中含苯环结构的碳氢 化合物。 芳香二字的来由最初是指从天然树脂（香精油）中提取 而得、具有芳香气的物质。 现代芳烃的概念是指具有芳香性的一类环状化合物，它们 不一定具有香味，也不一定含有苯环结构。 芳香烃具有其特征性质——芳香性（易取代，难加成， 难氧化）

动态诱导效应是一种暂时的效应，不一定反 映在分子的物理性质上，不能由偶极矩等物理性 质的测定来比较强弱次序。比较科学、可靠的方 法是根据元素在周期表中所在的位置来进行比较

Chapter 1: Plasmids and Their Usefulness in Molecular Cloning Chapter 2: Bacteriophage and Its Vectors Chapter 3: Working with Bacteriophage M13 Vectors Chapter 4: Working with High-Capacity Vectors Chapter 5: Gel Electrophoresis of DNA and Pulsed-Field Agarose Chapter 6: Preparation and Analysis of Eukaryotic Genomic DNA Chapter 7: Extraction, Purification, and Analysis of mRNA from Eukaryotic Cells Chapter 8: In Vitro Amplification of DNA by the Polymerase Chain Reaction Chapter 9: Preparation of Radiolabeled DNA and RNA Probes Chapter 10: Working with Synthetic Oligonucleotide Probes Chapter 11: Preparation of cDNA Libraries and Gene Identification Chapter 12: DNA Sequencing Chapter 13: Mutagenesis Chapter 14: Screening Expression Libraries Chapter 15: Expression of Cloned Genes in Escherichia coli Chapter 16: Introducing Cloned Genes into Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 17: Analysis of Gene Expression in Cultured Mammalian Cells Chapter 18: Protein Interaction Technologies

An equimolar mixture of two enantiomers is called a racemic form (either a racemate or a racemic mixture). A racemic form shows no rotation of plane￾polarized light

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）

Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

Isomers are different compounds that have the same molecular formula. Constitutional isomers are isomers that differ because their atoms are connected in a different order. Stereoisomers differ only in arrangement of their atoms in space.Stereoisomers are not constitutional isomers. Enantiomers are stereoisomers whose molecules are nonsuperposable mirror images of each other. Diastereomer are stereoisomers whose molecules are not mirror images of each other