Valence & Hybridization The number of atoms which are typically bonded to a given atom is termed the valence of that atom. Thus, in the examples shown below, hydrogen would have a valence of one, oxygen would have a valence of two, nitrogen and boron would have a valence of three

教学目标或要求：了解电环化反应，环加成反应， σ迁移反应。重点掌握周环反应的理论及有关反应机理

教学目标或要求：了解醛和酮的分类，命名及同分异构现象。了解醛酮亲核加成反应历程及其制备方法。重点掌握亲核加成反应的反应历程

教学目标或要求：了解卤代烃分类，命名及同分异构现象。了解卤代烃的亲核取代反应历程及其制备。重点掌握卤代烃的亲核取代反应历程（SN1 和 SN2）

本章的重点是对所学的各种概念的理解和应用,在多做练习的基础上加深对基本内容及有关立 体化学知识的理解。包括 R/S 命名法、各种表示构型的方法及相互间的转换、对称元素及其操作、 反应过程中的立体化学问题及对映异构体、非对映异构体、外消旋体及内消旋体等概念

基本内容包括了解萜的涵义和异戊二烯规律以及甾族化合物的基本结构和命名。重点掌握单萜，倍半萜，双萜和甾族化合物的立体结构

了解醇，酚，醚的分类，命名及同分异构现象。了解醇的化学性质， 酚的化学性质，醚的化学性质。重点掌握醇，酚，醚的化学性质

In common nomenclature most primary amines are named as alkylamines. In systematic nomenclature they are named by adding the suffix –amine to the name of the chain or ring system to which the NH2 group is attached with elision of the final e Primary Amines;

Of the three groups of biopolymers, protein have the most diverse function. Most of its molecular weights are much larger. Their shaps cover a range from the globular protein to the helical coils of a α–keratin. But all proteins have common features. Proteins are polyamides and their monomeric units are about 20 different α-amino acids

The nucleic acids, deoxyribonucleic (DNA) and ribonucleic (RNA) , are, respectively , the molecules that preserve here￾ditary information and that transcribe and translate it in a way that allows the synthesis of all the varied proteins of the cell 25.2 NUCLEOTIDES AND NUCLEOSIDES