一．卤代烃的分类: 伯卤烃: RCH2 X 仲卤烃: R2 CHX 叔卤烃: R3 CX

一、物质的旋光性 平面偏振光： 光线通过尼科尔Nicol棱镜，变为只在一个平面振动的光，称为平面偏振光

烃：有机物中只含有碳和氢两种元素的化合物。 按照不同的分类标准可分为：

一、分类: 按羟基的数目

一、化学：是研究物质组成、结构、性质及其变化规律的科学。 有机化学：研究碳氢化合物及其衍生物的化学。 二、有机化学的产生和发展

Actinomyces A.israelii,A.naeslundii; Gram positive;sulfur granule; Related to decaytooth and peridentitis

Category Spore-forming:rod, Gram (+)--- Clostridium Nonspore-forming:see next slides

Gram-negative rods Curves or comma shaped Non-spore forming Highly motile-single polar flagella Associated with salt water Oxidase positive Facultative anaerobe Tolerate alkaline conditions to

Morphology & Identification Gram-negative non-spore forming rods. When motile, byperitrichous flagella. Primarily normal flora of gastrointestinal tract. E. coli>Klebsiella>Proteus>Enterobacter Free living, also transient colonizers of skin. Facultative anaerobes: mixed acid fermentation

Morphology & Identification Gram positive Facultative anaerobes Grape like-clusters Catalase positive Major components of normal flora