Before 1951 only relative configurations of chiral molecules were known. Configurations of chiral molecules were related to each other through reactions of known stereochemistry. The standard compound was glyceraldehyde

First order overall (一级反应) The reaction is a unimolecular nucleophilic substitution（单分子亲核取代反应）

Alkenes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon double bond. Alkynes are hydrocarbons whose molecules contain the carbon-carbon triple bond

Acetylenic hydrogens can be deprotonated with relatively strong bases (sodium amide is typical)

One complication associated with alkene hydration is the occurrence of arrangements

How are molecular structures determined? One way is though the use of spectroscopic methods. Spectroscopy is the study of the interaction of energy with matter. When energy is applied to matter it can be absorbed, emitted, cause a chemical change, or be transmitted

A mass spectrometer produces a spectrum of masses based on the structure of a molecule. It is a spectrum or plot of the distribution of ion masses corresponding to the formula weight of a molecule, fragments derived from the molecule, or both

有机化合物种类繁多，数目庞大，即使同一分子式，也有不同的异 构体，若没有一个完整的命名（nomenclature）方法来区分各个化 合物，在文献中会造成极大的混乱，因此认真学习每一类化合物的 命名是有机化学的一项重要内容。现在书籍、期刊中经常使用普通 命名法和国际纯粹与应用化学联合会（International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry）命名法,后者简称IUPAC命名法

1.有机化合物：碳化合物、碳氢化合物及其衍生物。C、H（O、N、X、P、S） 2. 有机化学：研究有机化合物来源、制备、结构、性能、应用以及有关理论、变化规律和方法学科学

全书共分十一章,包括有机化合物和有机化学;饱和烃;不饱和脂肪烃;芳香烃杂环化合物;卤代烃醇酚醚;醛和酮;羧酸和羧酸衍生物;含氮化合物;糖;氨基酸、肽和蛋白质核酸等内容