28.1 Introduction 28.2 Transforming viruses carry oncogenes 28.3 Early genes of DNA transforming viruses have multifunction oncogenes 28.4 Retroviruses activate or incorporate cellular genes 28.5 Retroviral oncogenes have cellular counterparts 28.6 Ras oncogenes can be detected in a transfection assay 28.7 Ras proto-oncogenes can be activated by mutation at specific positions 28.8 Nondefective retroviruses activate proto-oncogenes 28.9 Proto-oncogenes can be activated by translocation 28.10 The Philadelphia translocation generates a new oncogene 28.11 Oncogenes code for components of signal transduction cascades 28.12 Growth factor receptor kinases can be mutated to oncogenes 28.13 Src is the prototype for the proto-oncogenic cytoplasmic tyrosine kinases 28.14 Oncoproteins may regulate gene expression 28.15 RB is a tumor suppressor that controls the cell cycle 28.16 Tumor suppressor p53 suppresses growth or triggers apoptosis

14.1 Introduction 14.2 Breakage and reunion involves heteroduplex DNA 14.3 Double-strand breaks initiate recombination 14.4 Double-strand breaks initiate snapsis 14.5 Bacterial recombination involves single-strand assimilation 14.6 Gene conversion accounts for interallelic recombination 14.7 Topological manipulation of DNA 14.8 Specialized recombination involves breakage and reunion at specific sites 14.9 Repair systems correct damage to DNA 14.10 Excision repair systems in E. coli 14.11 Controlling the direction of mismatch repair 14.12 Retrieval systems in E. coli 14.13 RecA triggers the SOS system 14.14 Eukaryotic repair systems

10.1 Introduction 10.2 Regulation can be negative or positive 10.3 Structural gene clusters are coordinately controlled 10.4 The lac genes are controlled by a repressor 10.5 The lac operon can be induced 10.6 Repressor is controlled by a small molecule inducer

Genes vary in natural populations. Gene Variation Is the Raw Material of Evolution. Selection acts on the genetic variation present in populations, favoring variants that increase the likelihood of survival and reproduction

华南师范大学：《医学分子生物学》课程教学课件（PPT讲稿）第五章 基因表达（转录）Gene Expression

General introduction Ion channels G-protein coupled receptors Second messengers Tyrosine kinase receptors From plasma membrane to the nucleus: Regulation of gene expression Cytokine signaling Cell cycle Apoptosis

RNA polymerase transcribes genes How is this process regulated? How is specificity achieved? Key players transcriptional activator proteins -bind to specific sites on DNA and turn on the expression of nearby genes. Two adhesive surfaces one binds DNA, the other interacts with, and recruits RNA polymerase

The nucleus is the biggest and most important organelle of the cell. The presence of the nucleus is the principal feature that distinguishes eukaryotic from prokaryotic cells Almost eukaryotic cells have the nucleus except mature red blood cells of mammals and sieve cells of high plants etc.. By housing the cell's genome, the nucleus serves both as the repository of genetic information and as the control

遗传:使微生物的性状保持其种属的稳定性; 变异:是微生物进化的基础; 基因(gene 基因型(genotype) 表现型( phenotype)

一、名词解释(每题2分) 1、近等基因系 2、结构域互换 3、e-dna 4、基因转换(gene comversion) 5、微排列(microarrang) 6、双向电泳