Mutualism Symbiosis is an obligatory interrelationship between two populations that benefits both of them Lichens is composed of a fungus and an alga

Virus have both an extracellular and an intracellular state. A virus is a submicroscopic particle containing nucleic acid surrounded by protein and occasionally containing other macromolecular components. In this extracellular state, the virus particle, also called the virion, is metabolically inert and does not carry out respiratory or biosynthetic

一、微生物反应过程传质的几种水平 1 胞内传质 2 细胞膜一胞外传质 3 超细胞传质

生物统计学：《生物统计附试验设计》课程教材（第三版）主要参考文献

一、 DEFINITION Fundamental metabolism: water metabolism, mineral nutrition ,photosynthesis, repiration Seed germination,growth, differentiation, flower ing,fertilization

What is Ecology Ecology is the study of relationships between organisms and the environment; Organisms |Ecology Environment

本课程较为全面，系统地阐述基因工程的基本理论和基本概念，并力求反映该学科的最新进展。基因工程是生物学科中的高级课程，主要针对高年级本科生开设。学生在此之前需要掌握普通生物学、遗传学、生物化学、分子生物学等方面的专业知识，以及分析化学、有机化学、无机化学、大学物理等方面的基本知识

10.5 Genetic Recombination 10.6 Genetic Transformation 10.7 Transduction 10.8 Plasmids

8.8 Attenuation 8.9 Other Global Control Networks 8.10 Signal Transduction and Two￾Component egulatory Systems 8.11 Regulation of Chemotaxis

2.4 Physiological Diversity of Microorganisms 2.5 Prokaryotic Diversity 2.6 Eukaryotic Microorganisms 4.4. Cell Morphology and the Significance of BeingSmall 4.5 Cytoplasmic Membrane: Structure 4.6 Cytoplasmic Membrane: Function 4.8 The Cell Wall of Prokaryotes: Peptidoglycan andRelated Molecules 4.9 The Outer Membrane of Gram-Negative Bacteria