4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)

Anything that can be learned from direct experience can also be learned by indirect or vicarious experience

Are they instances of learning? (1) A young child takes his first steps. (2) An adolescent male feels a strong attraction tocertain females. (3) A child feels anxious when he sees the doctorcoming with a needle

4.1 Thorndike’s Connectionism 4.1.1 Edward Lee Thorndike:1874-1949, American educational psychologist. 1891-1895,studied English literature in Wesleyan University. 1895-1897,studied psychology in Harvard Unviversity.(James) 1897-1898, studied in Columbia University, and got his PH.D.(Kattel)

Development refers to the ways people grow, adapt, and change during their lifetimes. physical development, personality development, socioemotional development, cognitive development(thinking), and language development

The foundation of E.P.: before 1920s Wundt,1879: methodology James, “Talks to the teachers” 1899; “The principles of psychology”1890; Dewey: apply psychology to education

“If I had to reduce all educational psychology just one principle, I would say this: The most important single factor influencing learning is what the learner already knows. Ascertain this and teach him accordingly

一、生平简介 心理学家加湿(Robert Gagne) 1916出生 1937在耶鲁大学(Yale)获得学士学位 1940布朗大学(Brown Univers ity)获心理学博士学位 19401949康涅狄哥女子学院(Connecticut College for Women)任教 1945-1946佩恩州立大学(Penn State University)任教 1949-1958美国空军知觉和运动技能实验室主任(在此期间提出了“学习的 条件”)

一、心理学简述 二、管理心理学概述 三、人性的假设与管理（西方管理中的人性观） 四、个性与管理 五、需要、动机与激励理论 六、群体心理与管理 七、群体中的人际关系 八、领导心理与管理

格思里的经历简要介绍 1907年在布拉斯加大学获数学学士学位 1910年在布拉斯加大学获哲学硕士学位 1912年在宾夕法尼亚大学获哲学博士学位 1914年在华盛顿大学任教 1945年当选为美国心理学会主席（APA） 学术代表作《学习心理学》 、和《人类冲突心理学》