Chapter 4 Behavioral learning theories Classical Conditioning ●4.2.1 Ivan petrovich Pavlov: Sep 14, 1849 Feb27,1936 W Place of birth: ryazan (Russia) k Education: Studied medicine at st Petersburg(russia)
Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories: Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.1 Ivan Petrovich Pavlov:Sep.14, 1849 – Feb.27, 1936 ＊Place of birth: Ryazan (Russia) ＊ Education: Studied medicine at St. Petersburg (Russia)
Chapter 4 Behavioral learning theories 0.2 Classical conditioning X Affiliation: Institute of Experimental medicine, st Petersburg(Professor from 1890; Director from 1902) Military Medical Academy, St Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904 he won nobel prize for his work on the physiology of digestion x Definitive work: Lectures on Conditioned reflexes (1926)
Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories ⚫ 4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ ＊ Affiliation: Institute of Experimental Medicine, St. Petersburg (Professor from 1890; Director from 1902); Military Medical Academy, St. Petersburg Worked on the physiology of circulation and digestion In 1904,he won Nobel Prize for his work on the physiology of digestion. ＊Definitive work: Lectures on Conditioned Reflexes (1926)
Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories 4.2 Classical conditioning 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ● X experiments: o Prior to training: US(meat) produces UR(Salivation), neutral stimulus(bell)does not produce any salivation. (US UR) o During training: the bell is rung when the meat is presented The formerly neutral stimulus became a Cs(CS-US UR)
Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories ⚫ 4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊experiments: ⚫ Prior to training: US(meat) produces UR(salivation), neutral stimulus(bell) does not produce any salivation.(US UR) ⚫ During training:the bell is rung when the meat is presented. The formerly neutral stimulus became a CS. (CS US UR)
4.2 Classical Conditioning e 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts o After training: presenting Cs(ringing the bell) produces Cr(salivation) o UR and cr are always the same kind of response. The magnitude of the cr is always less than that of the ur x experimental extinction: when a Cs no longer elicits a CR, experimental extinction is said to occurr t results when the cs is presented to the organism and is not followed by reinforcement(UCs)
4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ After training: presenting CS(ringing the bell) produces CR(salivation) ⚫ UR and CR are always the same kind of response.The magnitude of the CR is always less than that of the UR ⚫ ＊experimental extinction: when a CS no longer elicits a CR, experimental extinction is said to occurr.It results when the CS is presented to the organism and is not followed by reinforcement(UCS)
4.2 Classical Conditioning o 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts x Spontaneous recovery: after a period of time following extinction, if the cs is again presented to the animal, the cr will temporarily reappear. x Higher-order conditioning: Cs(light) CR(salivation). A new Cs(buzzer) ● the original Cs(ight). The buzzer)→ CR(salivation). o UCS is called a primary reinforcer. CS is called secondary reinforcer
4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Spontaneous recovery: after a period of time following extinction, if the CS is again presented to the animal, the CR will temporarily reappear. ⚫ ＊Higher-order conditioning: CS(light) ⚫ CR(salivation). A new CS(buzzer) ⚫ the original CS(light). The buzzer) CR(salivation). ⚫ UCS is called a primary reinforcer. CS is called secondary reinforcer
Question about higher-order conditioning Do you think it is possible to go beyond the third-order conditioning
Question about higher-order conditioning ⚫ Do you think it is possible to go beyond the third-order conditioning?
4.2 Classical Conditioning o 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ●大 Generalization: If we developed a cr for a special Cs(2000-cps(cycles per second) tone), some new Cs(higher frequency than 2000-cps or lower than 2000-cps)will also cause the original cr o The rule for generalization is the greater similarity to the original Cs, the greater the magnitude of the cr
4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Generalization: If we developed a CR for a special CS(2000-cps(cycles per second) tone), some new CS(higher frequency than 2000-cps or lower than 2000-cps) will also cause the original CR. ⚫ The rule for generalization is the greater similarity to the original CS, the greater the magnitude of the CR
4.2 Classical Conditioning ●CR lower than 2000cps 2000cps higher than 2000cps
4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ CR ⚫ lower than 2000cps 2000cps higher than 2000cps
4.2 Classical Conditioning 0 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ● x Generalization: o Questions: (1)What is the relationship between Pavlov's concept of generalization and Thorndike's explanation of the transfer of training? o(2)What is the distinction between Thorndike's spread of effect and pavlovs eneralization? g
4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Generalization: ⚫ Questions: (1)What is the relationship between Pavlov’s concept of generalization and Thorndike’s explanation of the transfer of training? ⚫ (2) What is the distinction between Thorndike’s spread of effect and Pavlov’s generalization?
4.2 Classical Conditioning o 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts x Discrimination(opposite of generalization It refers to the tendency to respond to a very restricted range of stimuli or to only the one used during training. o The greater the amount of training, the more discrimination o Question: What's the implication of generalization and discrimination
4.2 Classical Conditioning ⚫ 4.2.2 Main ideas and concepts ⚫ ＊Discrimination(opposite of generalization): It refers to the tendency to respond to a very restricted range of stimuli or to only the one used during training. ⚫ The greater the amount of training, the more discrimination. ⚫ Question: What’s the implication of generalization and discrimination?
