Chapter 4 Behavioral learning Theories: Operant Conditioning o 4.3.1 Burrhus Frederic Skinner: 1904-1990 大 Born in susquehanna, Pennsylvania. Received bachelor's degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. he decided to be a writer (influenced by robert Frost) k masters degree in 1930 and ph.D. in 1931 from Harvard university
Chapter 4 Behavioral Learning Theories:Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.1 Burrhus Frederic Skinner:1904-1990 ⚫ ＊Born in Susquehanna, Pennsylvania. ⚫ ＊ Received bachelor’s degree in Hamilton College in New York, majored in English literature. He decided to be a writer.(influenced by Robert Frost). ⚫ ＊ master’s degree in 1930 and Ph.D. in 1931 from Harvard University
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning o 4.3.1 Burrhus frederic skinner. He said in 1967. I had failed as a writer because i had nothing important to say, but I could not accept that explanation. It was literature which must be at fault. He gave up describing human behavior through literature and attempted to describe it through science o x1936-1945, taught Psy. at Uni. of Minnesota. published The behavior of Organisms(1938). o xin 1945, he went to Indiana University. during World War Il, he applied his theory to the problem of national defense o x from 1948 to 1990. he worked in harvard uni
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.1 Burrhus Frederic Skinner: ⚫ He said in 1967,”I had failed as a writer because I had nothing important to say, but I could not accept that explanation. It was literature which must be at fault”.He gave up describing human behavior through literature, and attempted to describe it through science. ⚫ ＊1936-1945, taught Psy. at Uni.of Minnesota.published The Behavior of Organisms(1938). ⚫ ＊in 1945,he went to Indiana University.During World War Ⅱ,he applied his theory to the problem of national defense. ⚫ ＊from 1948 to 1990, he worked in Harvard Uni
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning o 43.1 Burrhus frederic skinner. o Korn and davis conducted a survey in 1991 The question is who the ten most eminent psychologists(all time and contemporary)were The results showed that,in the eye of historians of psy Skinner was ranked the eighth on the all-time list but the first among contemporary p psychologists. In the eye of department chairs, skinner ranked first on both lists
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.1 Burrhus Frederic Skinner: ⚫ Korn and Davis conducted a survey in 1991. The question is who the ten most eminent psychologists(all time and contemporary)were.The results showed that,in the eye of historians of psy., Skinner was ranked the eighth on the all-time list but the first among contemporary psychologists. In the eye of department chairs, Skinner ranked first on both lists
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning o 43.1 Burrhus frederic skinner. o Through the years, his major concern was to relate his laboratory findings to the solution of human problems. For instance, (Programmed learning and teaching machines. o(2)utilizing his principles of learning in the building ofof a model society. walden Two o designing a culture using technology of behavior, Beyond Freedom and Dignity. o(4)utilization of his ideas in the area of psychotherapy, such as, stuttering, phobias, eating disorder, and psychotic behavior
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.1 Burrhus Frederic Skinner: ⚫ Through the years, his major concern was to relate his laboratory findings to the solution of human problems.For instance, (1)programmed learning and teaching machines. ⚫ (2) utilizing his principles of learning in the building of of a model society.Walden Two. ⚫ (3)designing a culture using technology of behavior,Beyond Freedom and Dignity. ⚫ (4) utilization of his ideas in the area of psychotherapy,such as, stuttering, phobias, eating disorder, and psychotic behavior
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning 0 4.3.2 experimental foundation: o The skinner box: it's a small test chamber it is a direct descendant of the puzzle box used by Thorndike. It usually has a grid(格子栅档) floor, light, lever(杠杆), and food cup.Itis arranged so that when the animal depresses the lever. the feeder mechanism is activated and a small pellet of food is released in the food cup. a typical Skinner Box is shown as the following:
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.2 experimental foundation: ⚫ The Skinner Box: it’s a small test chamber.It is a direct descendant of the puzzle box used by Thorndike. It usually has a grid(格子，栅栏 ） floor, light, lever（杠杆）, and food cup. It is arranged so that when the animal depresses the lever, the feeder mechanism is activated, and a small pellet of food is released in the food cup. A typical Skinner Box is shown as the following:
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning 4.3.3 Major Theoretical notions x radical behaviorism: rejected the mentalistic ideas such as drive, motivation, and purpose because they refer to private, mental experience and represented a return to nonscientific psy. The observable and measurable aspects of the environment, of an organisms behavior, and of the consequences of that behavior were the critical material for scientific scrutiny
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.3 Major Theoretical Notions ⚫ ＊radical behaviorism:rejected the mentalistic ideas such as drive, motivation, and purpose because they refer to private,mental experience and represented a return to nonscientific psy. The observable and measurable aspects of the environment, of an organism’s behavior, and of the consequences of that behavior were the critical material for scientific scrutiny
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning o x respondent and operant behavior o Respondent behavior: behavior elicited by a known stimulus. e.g. UR and all reflexes. It depends on the stimulus that precede it Operant behavior: behavior not elicited by a known stimulus but is simply emitted by the organism. It seems to appear spontaneously. e.g. whistling, standing up and walking about, a child abandoning one toy in favor of another. et al. It is controlled by its consequences
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ ＊respondent and operant behavior ⚫ Respondent behavior: behavior elicited by a known stimulus.e.g.UR and all reflexes.It depends on the stimulus that precede it. ⚫ Operant behavior:behavior not elicited by a known stimulus but is simply emitted by the organism. It seems to appear spontaneously. e.g. whistling, standing up and walking about, a child abandoning one toy in favor of another, et al. It is controlled by its consequences
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning o 4.3.3 Major Theoretical notions ●大 Type S and Type r conditioning o Type s Conditioning: respondent conditioning which is identical to classical conditioning. It emphasizes the importance or the stimulus in eliciting the desired response. The strength of conditioning is determined by the magnitude of cr o Type R Conditioning: operant conditioning, which closely resembles Thorndike's conditioning. It emphasizes the response. The strength of conditioning is shown by response rate
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.3 Major Theoretical Notions ⚫ ＊Type S and Type R Conditioning ⚫ Type S Conditioning: respondent conditioning which is identical to classical conditioning. It emphasizes the importance or the stimulus in eliciting the desired response. The strength of conditioning is determined by the magnitude of CR. ⚫ Type R Conditioning: operant conditioning, which closely resembles Thorndike’s conditioning. It emphasizes the response. The strength of conditioning is shown by response rate
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning o 4.3.3 Major Theoretical notions o x operant conditioning principles: o(1) any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to repeated. This process is sometimes called contingent reinforcement, because getting the reinforcer is contingent(dependenton the organism's emitting a certain response. o(2) a reinforcing stimulus is anything that increases the probability of a responses recurring. Skinner said: whether something is reinforcing can only be ascertained by its effect on behavior
Chapter 4 Operant Conditioning ⚫ 4.3.3 Major Theoretical Notions ⚫ ＊operant conditioning principles: ⚫ （1）any response that is followed by a reinforcing stimulus tends to repeated.This process is sometimes called contingent reinforcement,because getting the reinforcer is contingent(dependent)on the organism’s emitting a certain response. ⚫ (2）a reinforcing stimulus is anything that increases the probability of a response’s recurring. Skinner said:whether something is reinforcing can only be ascertained by its effect on behavior