§7.1 气体动理论的基本观念 §7.2 平衡态、描述热力学系统的参量与理想统计模型 §7.3 平衡态下理想气体压强、温度的微观本质 §7.4 能均分定理 §7.5 麦克斯维速度与速率分布 §7.6 玻尔兹曼分布

一、了解气体分子热运动的图像 . 二、理解理想气体的压强公式和温度公式， 通 过推导气体压强公式，了解从提出模型、进行统计 平均、建立宏观量与微观量的联系，到阐明宏观量 的微观本质的思想和方法 . 能从宏观和微观两方面 理解压强和温度等概念 . 了解系统的宏观性质是微 观运动的统计表现

在许多实际问题中，气体常处于非平衡状态，气 体内各部分的温度或压强不相等，或各气体层之间有 相对运动等，这时气体内将有能量、质量或动量从一 部分向另一部分定向迁移，这就是非平衡态下气体的 迁移现象

第二章讨论课 思考题 一、工质膨胀是否一定对外作功? 向真空膨胀,自由膨胀 二、定容过程是否一定不作功? 开口系,技术功y水轮机 三、定温过程是否一定不传热? 相变过程(冰融化,水汽化)

19世纪后期,经典物理 学的三大理论体系使经典 麦克斯韦电磁场理论 物理学已趋于成熟

时空本质上是四维的:3维空间+1维时间。 洛伦兹变换是一种线性变换它体现了四维时空的变换关系。 但是这种变换的特征是什么?物理量在坐标变换下怎样变换? 描写物理规律的方程在变换下是否不变?

三维空间的正交变换 物理量按空间变换性质的分类 洛伦兹变换的四维形式 四维协变量 物理规律的协变性

Nobel lecture december 12, 1933 On passing through an optical instrument, such as a telescope or a camera lens, a ray of light is subjec reflecting surface. The path of the rays can be constructed if we know the two simple laws which govern the changes in direction: the law of refrac- tion which was discovered by Snellius a few hundred years ago, and the law of reflection with which Archimedes was familiar more than 2,000 years ago

That streams of electrons possess the properties of beams of waves was dis- covered early in 1927 in a large industrial laboratory in the midst of a great city, and in a small university laboratory overlooking a cold and desolate sea. The coincidence seems the more striking when one remembers that facil- ities for making this discovery had been in constant use in laboratories throughout the world for more than a quarter of a century. And yet the coincidence was not, in fact, in any way remarkable. Discoveries in physics are made when the time for making them is ripe, and not before; the stage is set, the time is ripe, and the event occurs-more often than not at widely separated places at almost the same moment

When in 1920 I resumed my studies of theoretical physics which had long been interrupted by circumstances beyond my control, I was far from the idea that my studies would bring me several years later to receive such a higl and envied prize as that awarded by the Swedish Academy of Sciences each year to a scientist: the Nobel Prize for Physics. What at that time drew me towards theoretical physics was not the hope that such a high distinction