机械振动在介质中的传播称为机械波。 声波、水波 波动是一切微观粒子的属性, 与微观粒子对应的波称为物质波。 各种类型的波有其特殊性,但也有普遍的共性 ,有类似的波动方程

N ow that we're familiar with the structure and preparation of alkenes, let's look at their chemical reactions. The characteristic reaction of alkenes is addition to the double bond according to the general equation:

this chapter and the next we extend our coverage of conjugated systems to include arenes. Arenes are hydrocarbons based on the benzene ring as a structural unit. Ben- are zene, toluene, and naphthalene, for example, are arenes

the preceding chapter the special stability of benzene was described, along with reac- tions in which an aromatic ring was present as a substituent. In the present chapter we move from considering the aromatic ring as a substituent to studying it as a functional

he next several chapters deal with the chemistry of various oxygen-containing functional groups. The interplay of these important classes of compounds-alco- hols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and derivatives of carboxylic acids-is fundamental to organic chemistry and biochemistry

ADDITION TO THE CARBONYL GROUP Idehydes and ketones contain an acyl group RC-bonded either to hydrogen or to another carbon

ACYL SUBSTITUTION his chapter differs from preceding ones in that it deals with several related classes of compounds rather than just one. Included are 1. Acyl chlorides, RCCI 2. Carboxylic acid anhydrides, RCOCR 3. Esters of carboxylic acids, RCOR'99

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES TABLE A Selected Physical Properties of Representative Hydrocarbons Boiling Molecular Structural Melting Compound name formula point,C Alkanes Methane 182.5 Ethane CH CH3CH3

Francis A.Carey Textbook Table of Contents Francis A. Carey Textbook Website Student Online Learning Center ORGANIC CHEMISTRY Study Guide Table of Contents Back Next

A-6.(a) has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms has only sp-hybridized carbon atoms N Bra has only one sp-hybridized carbon atom A-7 A-8. A-9.(a)