1《大学化学》课程的性质 化学的研究对象一一在原子、分子水平上,研究物质的组成、结构、性 能,物质的化学变化规律及变化中的能量关系

【題解】 本文選自中央研究院歷史語言研究所校印本《明實 錄》卷七十四《太祖實錄》，標題是編者加的。 朱元璋是憑藉淮西農民武裝集團起家的，在統一全 國的過程中，這個集團中相當多的人物上升爲國公、 列侯，迅速轉化爲全國性的大地主。他們擁有部曲、 義子和大量的奴僕，與各地衛所的軍官也有密切的聯 繫。他們的子弟和家奴往往仗勢枉法，欺壓鄉里，魚 肉百姓。爲了防止階級矛盾的激化，防止貴族與中下 級軍官的勾結，維護地主階級的整體利益，加強皇朝 中央集權的統治，洪武五年(公元1372年)六月乙巳(三 十日)，朱元璋發佈了誡飭公侯的布告，鑄成鐵榜，作 爲永久的法誡

物质在自然界中通常以固态、液态和气态形式 存在，即常说的三相态。在外界条件发生变化时 （如压力或温度发生变化），物质可以在三种相态 之间进行转换，即发生所谓的相变。大多数物质发 生相变时直接从一种相态转变为另一种相态，中间 没有过渡态生成。例如冰受热后从有序的固态晶体 直接转变成分子呈无序状态的液态

93.1 Introduction 93.2 Hardware Redundancy 93.3 Information Redundancy 93.4 Time Redundancy 93.5 Software Redundancy 93.6 Dependability Evaluation

Computer networks are geographically distributed collections of communication links and switching proces￾sors, the purpose of which is to transport data between computers, workstations, and terminals. In general the elements of a computer network must follow compatible rules of operation together to function effectively. These rules of operation are known as protocols

The term computer graphics refers to the generation,representation, manipulation, processing, and display of data by a computer. Computer-generated images may be real or imagined, animated or still, two-dimensional (2-D) or three-dimensional (3-D).Today most computers, particularly those in the PC,Macintosh, or workstation categories

The last decade has seen a revolution in software engineering tools and techniques. This revolution has been fueled by the ever-increasing complexity of the software component of delivered systems. Although the software component of delivered systems may not be the most expensive component, it is usually, however, “in series” with the hardware component; if the software doesn’t work, the hardware is useless

Input devices are those portions of computer, data processing, and information systems that perform the essential function of providing some means for entering commands and data into the system. Therefore, input devices are found in all such systems, but are treated here as a separate equipment group, independent of the

88.1 Introduction 88.2 Memory Hierarchies 88.3 Cache Memories 88.4 Parallel and Interleaved Memories 88.5 Virtual Memory 88.6 Research Issues

The true language of computers is a stream of 1s and 0s—bits. Everything in the computer, be it numbers or text or program, spreadsheet or database or 3-D rendering, is nothing but an array of bits. The meaning of the bits is in the “eye of the beholder”; it is determined entirely by context. Bits are not a useful medium for human consumption. Instead, we insist that what we read be formatted spatially and presented