（一）结构和命名: 1. 结构： 通式：Cn H2n O ，醛、酮互为同分异构体。 官能团：

一、羧酸衍生物的命名： 1. 酰卤、酰胺按照酰基命名

15.1 Electrophilic aromatic substitution reactions These reactions are of the general type shown below;

1.1 Introduction Organic chemistry is the study of the compounds of carbon 1.3 The structural theory of organic chemistry

17.1 The acidity of the α-hydrogens ofcarbonyl compounds: Enolate ions

（1) Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous. （2) Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms

STRUCTURE AND NOMENCLATURE OF PHENOLS Phenol: Compounds that have a hydroxyl group directly attached to a benzene ring For example:

Lipids are compounds of biological origin that dissolve in nonopoler solvents. Lipids are defined by the physical operation that we use to isolate them

Carbodydrares: polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones or substances that hydrolyze to yield polyhydroxy aldehydes and ketones. Monosaccharides: simple carbohydrates cannot be hydrolyzed into smaller simpler carbohydrates

cycloalkanes General formula CnH2n+2 for alkanes C3H8 CH3CH2CH3 Propane General formula CnH2n for cycloalkanes (环烷烃） CnH2n Cyclopropane