Chapter 2 Representative Carbon Compounds 2.1 Carbon-Carbon Covalent bonds 1) Carbons ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous 2)Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms
Chapter 2 Representative Carbon Compounds 2.1 Carbon-Carbon Covalent Bonds 1) Carbon’s ability to form as many as four strong bonds to other carbon atoms and to form strong bonds to hydrogen, oxygen, sulfur, nitrogen and phosphorous. 2) Carbon can make the vast number of different molecules Required for complex living organisms
2.2 Methane and ethane representative alkanes 1) Methane and ethane are two members of a broad family of Organic compounds called hydrocarbon (% 2)Hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain only carbon and hydrogen atoms-------- alkanes 3)Hydrocarbons whose molecules have a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. and those with a carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes
2.2 Methane and Ethane: Representative alkanes 1）Methane and ethane are two members of a broad family of Organic compounds called hydrocarbon （烃） 2) Hydrocarbons are compounds whose molecules contain only Carbon and hydrogen atoms-------- alkanes 3) Hydrocarbons whose molecules have a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes, and those with a carbon-carbon triple bond are called alkynes
Saturated compounds and unsaturated compounds (饱和化合物和不饱和化合物) 1) Generally speaking, compounds such as the alkanes whose molecules contain only single bonds are referred to as saturated compounds 2) Compounds with multiple bonds, such as alkenes alkynes and aromatic hydrocarbons are called unsaturated compounds
Saturated compounds and unsaturated compounds (饱和化合物和不饱和化合物） 1) Generally speaking, compounds such as the alkanes, whose Molecules contain only single bonds are referred to as saturated compounds 2) Compounds with multiple bonds, such as alkenes, alkynes, and aromatic hydrocarbons are called unsaturated compounds
2.2A Sources of methane The atmosphere of earth 2)a major component of the natural gas 3) Living organisms 4 Coal. ocean trenches in mud. in sewage. and in cows'stomachs
2.2A Sources of Methane 1) The atmosphere of earth 2) a major component of the natural gas 3) Living organisms 4) Coal, ocean trenches, in mud, in sewage, and in cows’ stomachs
2. 2B The Structure of ethane 1)C----SP3-hybridized carbon atoms H H 2)Ethane contain 6 C-H and I C-C sigma bond
2.2B The Structure of ethane H H H H H H 1) C----SP3 -hybridized carbon atoms 2) Ethane contain 6 C-H and 1 C-C sigma bond
2.3 Alkenes: Compounds containing the carbon-carbon double bond------Ethene and Propene Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. Ethene (ethylene)and Propene(propylene) H H H H H CH3 Ethene Propene 1. The six atoms of ethene are coplanar 18 2. Bond angles is triangular H 121 Fig. The structure and bond angles of ethene
2.3 Alkenes: Compounds containing the carbon-carbon double bond------Ethene and Propene Hydrocarbons whose molecules contain a carbon-carbon double bond are called alkenes. Ethene (ethylene) and Propene (propylene) H H CH3 H H H H H Ethene Propene H H H H 121 118 0 0 1. The six atoms of ethene are coplanar 2. Bond angles is triangular Fig. The structure and bond angles of ethene
2.4 Orbital Hybridization and Structure of Alkenes 1)C----SPz-Hybridized carbon atoms 2)One 2p orbital is left unhybridized 3)How to form pi-bond?
2.4 Orbital Hybridization and Structure of Alkenes 1) C----SP2 -Hybridized carbon atoms 2) One 2p orbital is left unhybridized 3) How to form pi-bond ?
2.4A Restricted rotation and the double bond 121 Fig. The structure and bond angles of ethene Rotation Rotate90° H Fig 2.9 Rotation of a carbon atom of a double bond through an angle of 90 results in the breaking of the t bond
2.4A Restricted rotation and the double bond H H H H 121 118 0 0 Fig. The structure and bond angles of ethene H H H H H H H H Rotation Rotate 90 0 Fig 2.9 Rotation of a carbon atom of a double bond through an angle of 90 results in the breaking of the bond 0
24BCis- Trans isomerism顺反异构 H H H NO Cis-trans Cis Cis-1.2-dichloroethene H H C NO CiS-trans Trans Trans-1.2-dichloroethene
2.4B Cis-Trans isomerism 顺 反 异 构 H H H H NO Cis-trans Cl H Cl H Cl H H Cl Cis Trans Cis-1,2-dichloroethene Trans-1,2-dichloroethene Cl H Cl H Cl H H Cl Cl Cl H H NO Cis-trans
H cis-1. 2-Difluoroethene trans-1.2-Difluoroethene F F Cl C cis-1. 2-Dichloro-12-difluoroethene tranS-1. 2-Dichloro-1 2-difluoroethene Note; cis-trans isomerism of this type is not possible if one carbon atom of the double bond bears two identical groups b
F H F H F Cl F Cl F H H F cis-1,2-Difluoroethene trans-1,2-Difluoroethene F Cl Cl F cis-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene trans-1,2-Dichloro-1,2-difluoroethene Note; cis-trans isomerism of this type is not possible if one carbon atom of the double bond bears two identical groups. a a a b a b d d